Anthropology Indigenous People And Tribes Essay

Arjhong Mardani IHSS Dr. Lee December 5, 2016 Anthropology: Indigenous People/Tribes Change due to Outside Contact Outside contact does not always result in depopulation, despite the fact, that in many cases, it s followed by cultural and social disintegration. I will bring up the reasons to why outside contact changes Indigenous people/tribes, and why these their cultures have changed juristically over time. So what is Social Anthropology, and how does it relate to Australian Aborigines? Social Anthropology is the study of the ways in which people live in different social and cultural settings across the globe. If we wanted to go even deeper, Anthropology itself is the study of various aspects of humans within past and also present societies. Biological or physical anthropology studies the biological development of humans. This relates to the Australian Aborigines in many ways. For example, Social Anthropology is known as the study of various cultures, so any study taken from the Australian Aborigines would be Social Anthropology, it s that simple. Societies vary enormously in how they organize themselves. These have to do with the cultural practices in which they engage to their religious, political as well as economic arrangements. Western cultures, which sometimes compared with Western civilization, Western society or European civilization, is a term that has been used very broadly. This is used in order to refer to a heritage of things such as social norms, ethicalShow MoreRelatedAnthropology : Indigenous People And Tribes Essay1164 Words   |  5 Pages Anthropology: Indigenous People/Tribes Change due to Outside Contact Outside Contact does not inevitably result in depopulation, despite the fact, that in many cases, it is followed by cultural and social disintegration. I will bring up the reasons to why outside contact change tribes, and why these their cultures change over time due to outside contact. So what is Social Anthropology, and how does it relate to Australian Aborigines? Social Anthropology is the comparativeRead MoreThe And Mission Of Purposed Bachelor Of Arts Program1397 Words   |  6 Pagesprogram Currently, Portland State University provides students the opportunity to declare a minor in Indigenous Nations Studies, a specialty field of emphasis during their undergraduate education. The department’s mission at present â€Å"aims to provide the best possible educational experiences for our students through excellence in teaching, research, creative activity and service to the state, tribes and society’s.† What began in 2004 gradually developed into an expansion of educational opportunitiesRead MoreA country, a region, a belief, people will proud of the truth will always stand the test of time.1400 Words   |  6 Pages A country, a region, a belief, people will proud of the truth will always stand the test of time. Although colonialism is able to force people to behave in its ways, it cannot completely change people’s minds. Until September 21, 2004, the Smithsonian National Museum of the American Indian (NMAI) opened to the public. The foundation which was established in 1916, in New York City, The Smithsonian National Museum of the American Indian located on a symbolically significant site on theRead MoreLeslie Sponsels Approach to Investigation of the Amazon Basin1632 Words   |  6 Pagestakes a remarkably sensible approach to certain academic controversies over anthropological investigation of the Amazon Basin. To some degree, Sponsels article demands to be understood in a larger context within the overall ecosystem of academic anthropology, so to speak. As indicated in the title of her article, Sponsel approaches the subject with a special focus on adaptation, which necessarily implies changing conditions. As she notes in her introductory remarks: For convenience the review isRead MoreImpact Of Colonialism On Society s Role As A Colonizer1493 Words   |  6 Pagesissues of colonialism. It is hard to argue that colonialism did not have any negative impacts on people. Those affected by it are divided into two specific categories, that of the colonizers and the colonized. However, there exist people who belong to neither category but who were just as affected by colonialism as the colonizers and colonized. Peter van Dommelen argues that the stories of these people as well as an understanding that the simple categorization of colonizers and colonized does notRead MoreA Comparative Analysis Between Aboriginal and Chinese Cultural Differences1504 Words   |  7 PagesConfucianism has embedded upon every aspect of Chinese life, putting emphasis upon power and relationship (Irwin 2012) and creating a sense of family-centred communitarianism (W Li [Western Kentucky University] 2005, CHIN318 Lecture notes, 8 October). Indigenous abori ginals although maintained their traditional culture emphasis of power distance system through Kinship, but with various elements reduced due to western economic development, allowing more freedom of action ( Bruner 1956). Chinese Power DistanceRead MoreEssay on Controversial Findings748 Words   |  3 Pagesfind controversy was soon to follow. The skeleton was found on a portion of the Colombian River maintained by the United Sates Marine Corps of Engineers, but also part of the traditional home of the Umatilla tribe. According to federal law these remains must be returned to the Umatilla people, but things werent that easily solved. In fact, the controversy is still pending to this very day. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;On Thursday, January 13, 2000 it was announced that studies of the Kennewick ManRead MoreBatek of Malyasia1500 Words   |  6 PagesThe Batek of Malaysia The Batek of Malaysia The Batik is an indigenous tribes living in the rainforest of the peninsula of Malaysia. They live in camps composed of five to six nuclear families. They are mostly foragers although the occasionally practice horticulture. To survive the tribes relies on hunting, gathering and trading rattan or forest products. Malaysia is on the south Malay Peninsula and stretches from the Thai border down to the island of Singapore. The population of MalaysiaRead MoreMarcia Langtons Study of the Aborigines of Australia2049 Words   |  9 Pagesdescent, spoke at the Berndt’s lecture in 2011. Her article, Anthropology, Politics and the Changing World of Aboriginal Australians, focuses primarily on the works of an anthropologist couple Robert and Catherine Berndt. They had completed many ethnographic studies in various areas around Australia. Langton states that their work has been crucial in order to have a complete understanding of the Australian Aborigines’ society. The indige nous Australian’s society has been thoroughly researched by manyRead MoreEssay on The Moral and Ethical Dilemmas of Anthropology1249 Words   |  5 Pagesgathered during the study and also to the persons or cultures of which they study. These two important parts of anthropology – the research and those being researched – can be conflicting. The Code of Ethics of the American Anthropological Association presents itself as a body of guidelines for discussing these ethical and moral conflicts. This allows for researchers in the field of anthropology to have a foundation for understanding what decisions must be made regarding these ethical and moral conflicts Anthropology Indigenous People And Tribes Essay Arjhong Mardani IHSS Dr. Lee December 5, 2016 Anthropology: Indigenous People/Tribes Change due to Outside Contact Outside Contact does not inevitably result in depopulation, despite the fact, that in many cases, it is followed by cultural and social disintegration. I will bring up the reasons to why outside contact change tribes, and why these their cultures change over time due to outside contact. So what is Social Anthropology, and how does it relate to Australian Aborigines? Social Anthropology is the comparative study of the ways in which people live in different social and cultural settings across the globe. If we wanted to go even deeper, Anthropology is the study of various aspects of humans within past and present societies. Biological or physical anthropology studies the biological development of humans. This relates to the Australian Aborigines in many ways, for example, Socials Anthropology is the study of various cultures, so any study taken from the Australian Aborigines would be Social Anthropology, it s that simple. Societies vary enormously in how they organize themselves, the cu ltural practices in which they engage, as well as their religious, political and economic arrangements. Western culture, sometimes equated with Western civilization, Western world, Western society or European civilization is a term used very broadly to refer to a heritage of social norms, ethical values, traditionalShow MoreRelatedAnthropology : Indigenous People And Tribes Essay1244 Words   |  5 PagesDecember 5, 2016 Anthropology: Indigenous People/Tribes Change due to Outside Contact Outside contact does not always result in depopulation, despite the fact, that in many cases, it s followed by cultural and social disintegration. I will bring up the reasons to why outside contact changes Indigenous people/tribes, and why these their cultures have changed juristically over time. So what is Social Anthropology, and how does it relate to Australian Aborigines? Social Anthropology is the study ofRead MoreLost Tribe Of The Amazon Movie Summary1331 Words   |  6 PagesFirst Contact: Lost Tribe of the Amazon: Exploitation and a Hidden Agenda In the documentary First Contact: Lost Tribe of the Amazon, Josà © Carlos Meirelles, Sertanista (backwoodsman),who worked for the Brazilian government’s National Indian Institute (FUNAI) for 40 years and is part of the leadership of the FUNAIs Isolated Indians group (à ndios Isolados da FUNAI ) and coordinator of the Ethnoenvironmental Protection Front of the Envira River (Frente de Proteà §Ãƒ £o Etnoambiental do Rio Envira (FPERE))Read MoreThe And Mission Of Purposed Bachelor Of Arts Program1397 Words   |  6 Pagesprogram Currently, Portland State University provides students the opportunity to declare a minor in Indigenous Nations Studies, a specialty field of emphasis during their undergraduate education. The department’s mission at present â€Å"aims to provide the best possible educational experiences for our students through excellence in teaching, research, creative activity and service to the state, tribes and society’s.† What began in 2004 gradually developed into an expansion of educational opportunitiesRead MoreA country, a region, a belief, people will proud of the truth will always stand the test of time.1400 Words   |  6 Pages A country, a region, a belief, people will proud of the truth will always stand the test of time. Although colonialism is able to force people to behave in its ways, it cannot completely change people’s minds. Until September 21, 2004, the Smithsonian National Museum of the American Indian (NMAI) opened to the public. The foundation which was established in 1916, in New York City, The Smithsonian National Museum of the American Indian located on a symbolically significant site on theRead MoreLeslie Sponsels Approach to Investigation of the Amazon Basin1632 Words   |  6 Pagestakes a remarkably sensible approach to certain academic controversies over anthropological investigation of the Amazon Basin. To some degree, Sponsels article demands to be understood in a larger context within the overall ecosystem of academic anthropology, so to speak. As indicated in the title of her article, Sponsel approaches the subject with a special focus on adaptation, which necessarily implies changing conditions. As she notes in her introductory remarks: For convenience the review isRead MoreImpact Of Colonialism On Society s Role As A Colonizer1493 Words   |  6 Pagesissues of colonialism. It is hard to argue that colonialism did not have any negative impacts on people. Those affected by it are divided into two specific categories, that of the colonizers and the colonized. However, there exist people who belong to neither category but who were just as affected by colonialism as the colonizers and colonized. Peter van Dommelen argues that the stories of these people as well as an understanding that the simple categorization of colonizers and colonized does notRead MoreA Comparative Analysis Between Aboriginal and Chinese Cultural Differences1504 Words   |  7 PagesConfucianism has embedded upon every aspect of Chinese life, putting emphasis upon power and relationship (Irwin 2012) and creating a sense of family-centred communitarianism (W Li [Western Kentucky University] 2005, CHIN318 Lecture notes, 8 October). Indigenous abori ginals although maintained their traditional culture emphasis of power distance system through Kinship, but with various elements reduced due to western economic development, allowing more freedom of action ( Bruner 1956). Chinese Power DistanceRead MoreEssay on Controversial Findings748 Words   |  3 Pagesfind controversy was soon to follow. The skeleton was found on a portion of the Colombian River maintained by the United Sates Marine Corps of Engineers, but also part of the traditional home of the Umatilla tribe. According to federal law these remains must be returned to the Umatilla people, but things werent that easily solved. In fact, the controversy is still pending to this very day. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;On Thursday, January 13, 2000 it was announced that studies of the Kennewick ManRead MoreBatek of Malyasia1500 Words   |  6 PagesThe Batek of Malaysia The Batek of Malaysia The Batik is an indigenous tribes living in the rainforest of the peninsula of Malaysia. They live in camps composed of five to six nuclear families. They are mostly foragers although the occasionally practice horticulture. To survive the tribes relies on hunting, gathering and trading rattan or forest products. Malaysia is on the south Malay Peninsula and stretches from the Thai border down to the island of Singapore. The population of MalaysiaRead MoreMarcia Langtons Study of the Aborigines of Australia2049 Words   |  9 Pagesdescent, spoke at the Berndt’s lecture in 2011. Her article, Anthropology, Politics and the Changing World of Aboriginal Australians, focuses primarily on the works of an anthropologist couple Robert and Catherine Berndt. They had completed many ethnographic studies in various areas around Australia. Langton states that their work has been crucial in order to have a complete understanding of the Australian Aborigines’ society. The indige nous Australian’s society has been thoroughly researched by many

Unit 12 Task 2 - 4237 Words

`P4 Explain the main factors affecting the current patterns of health in the uk M2 - Discuss the factors likely influence current and future health patterns in the uk D1 - Evaluate the influence of government on factors that contribute to the current patterns of health and illness in the uk It is highly known that there is a difference in social classes, culture and socio-economic lifestyles between the north and south of England. This ranges from the accessibility of treatments, the range of income and life expectancy and also morbidity and mortality rates. ( © Times Newspapers Limited 2015) This can be known as the postcode lottery. Although the government try to enforce health care provisions to prevent these health†¦show more content†¦The poor housing and diet are major factors of developing the four deadly diseases mentioned above. The office for national statistics reports that up to 1.1 million houses in England and Wales are overcrowded. This can have an impact on people such as a lack of privacy, cramped living conditions which may cause sleep disturbance and also affect a child’s education due to not having the silence or space to study. All of these factors could lead to anxiety and depression which would affect the patterns of public heal th in the uk. The North and South divide may be influenced by the population. According to wikipedia, there are 14.5 million citizens currently living in the North of England, with a staggering 8 million people living in London alone. As there are evidently much more residents in the South of England this may be why there’s a lot more money there, it also may be down to the fact London is the capital and a worldwide attraction. According to ‘The Mirror’ there report released that the average annual wage for someone in the North East of england is  £24,084 and for a London citizen is  £35,238. The UK overall have a typical annual salary of  £27,017, the difference in income would definitely affects someones lifestyle and there opportunities. One factor to longer life expectancy and better health throughout the UK however there may be a divide, is that the government introduced the NHS in 1984.Show MoreRelated2121 unit information1576 Words   |  7 PagesET F2121/ETF5912 Data Analysis in Business Unit Information – Semester 1 2014 Coordinator and Lecturer - Weeks 7-12: Associate Professor Ann Maharaj Office: H5.86 Phone: (990)32236 Email: ann.maharaj@monash.edu Lecturer - Weeks 1-6: Mr Bruce Stephens Office: H5.64 Phone: (990)32062 Email: bruce.stephens@monash.edu Unit material: No prescribed textbook Unit Book: available on the Moodle site. Exercises: available on the Moodle site. Software: EXCEL. Recommended Reference Books BerensonRead MorePhysical Fitness Center: Facility Layout1608 Words   |  7 Pagescenter? 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What is the average inventory (in dollars) for the daily delivery pattern, assuming 20 days/month? a. Average inventory = (2000 + 0) / 2 = 1000Read MoreOperations Management Homework Chapter 3 Essay1333 Words   |  6 PagesHomework 1 – GMGT 590 Q 3.5    | Step 1: Cut | Step 2: Put Grilled Stuff on Bagel | Step 3: Veggies on Bagel | Step 4: Cream Cheese | Step 5: Wrap | I | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | T | 3 min | 10 min | 5 min | 4 min | 2 min | R | 0.333333333 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.25 | 0.5 | % | 100% | 16.67% | 77.78% | 22.20% | 100% | ADJ R | 0.333333333 | .5999 | 0.2571 | 1.126 | 0.5 | | | | | | | Total Bagel | 180 | 100.00% | | | | Grilled Veggie | 30 | 16.67% | | | | Veggie Only |Read MoreAnalytic exercise: Designing a Manufacturing Process Toshiba ´s Notebook Computer Assembly Line958 Words   |  4 Pagesprocess sheet. Task numbers: 1-17; task time in seconds (in brackets). 1 (75) 2 (61) 14 (11) 15 (310) 16 (60) 17 (60) 3 (24) 4 (36) 5 (22) 6 (39) 7 (32) 8 (44) 9 (29) 10 (26) 11 (52) 12 (7) 13 (5) The assembly line consists out of 6 workstations. Labour time (in seconds) for each workstation is indicated in brackets. Workstation 1, task 1 (75). Workstation 2, tasks 2 and 3 (85). Workstation 3, tasks 4, 5 and 6 (97). Workstation 4, tasks 7, 8 and 9 (105)Read MoreBtec1256 Words   |  6 PagesRegistration No. Assessor Name LEI13160876 Soory Abbassi 15/10/13 Hand-in Date Submitted On 15/10/13 18/03/14 Qualification and Programme Number Unit Number and Title BTEC Extended Diploma In IT (QCF): Level 3 Unit 18: Database Design Assignment Title Assignment 1 No. 1 of 2 Whole or Part of Unit? Whole /Part Grade for Whole Unit Deadlines: If you do not meet the deadlines for handing in your assignments you may not have your work marked. This could result in you failingRead Moressd4 mod 11704 Words   |  7 Pagesminimize injection-site discomfort, not mare than how many vaccine injections will be given on the same day? five 11. prior to deployment, one of the responsibilities of the unit leaders to assist the fst is to reinforce command emphasis regarding which of the following requirements? immunizations, prophylaxis, pretreatments 12. the president of the united states and what other cabinet member has the authority to approve military assistance for domestic operations? president and secretary of defenseRead MoreToshiba Notebook742 Words   |  3 Pagesrequirements. This new computer’s production was scheduled to begin in 10 days. Initial production for new model was to be at 150 units/day, increasing to 250 units/ day the following week. Eventually production should reach 300 units/ day. Assembly Line Model type: varies Lot size : 10 – 100units Assembly line : 14.4 meter conveyor Total station: 10 Workers: 8 – 12 assembly workers + 1 supporter Operating hour: 7.5 hours (450min) Question 1: What is the daily capacity of the assembly limeRead MoreWeek 5 Assignment (Project Management)978 Words   |  4 PagesProject Management (Week 5: Assignment) Introduction The project manager of a construction company has developed the following network diagram for her building construction project. After receiving the plans, the manager must coordinate a number of tasks. Key areas she want to focus on, is time and risk. â€Å"Planning is responsible for project Time Management. The Plan process selects a scheduling methodology, tool, sets the format and establishes criteria for developing and controlling the schedule ofRead MoreLink Between Language And Culture1743 Words   |  7 Pageswidely used in Mainland China as a standard teaching material of national compulsory education. This book is prepared for Chinese teenage aged 13-15 who are the beginners of English study. In this report, I intend to evaluate Unit 1‘How do you study for a test?’ and Unit 12 ‘ You’re supposed to shake hands.’, using what I have learned as well as my own study experience. The aim of this report is to investigate the link between language and culture in the textbook from the point of view of cultural

The Tidal Model Developing an Empowering

Question: Explain about The Tidal Model for Developing an Empowering? Answer: Introduction The approach of person centred planning is well known for forming a significant framework in delivering services, in the present scenario and in the future, for the establishment of strong relationship between individual with development and/ or intellectual disability, their care providers and families along with the organizations supporting them (Bhui, 2009). It plays a significant role to ensure self- determination across individuals suffering from any development and/ or intellectual disability (IDD), acting as a factor indicating quality of each and every service. This paper will be accounting the process to begin the planning and application of person centred approach for 40 adults suffering from IDD living and obtaining accommodation services from the Centre for Cerebral Palsy. The Centre of Cerebral Palsy is a huge organization based in Western Australia working with almost 1,300 people and their families in the delivery and development of services that include services of therapy and accommodation (Johnston, 2013). As a number of other IDD supporting organization, the Centre for Cerebral Palsy also strives on implementing the approach of person centred planning as the centralized tenet to deliver services across individuals suffering from IDD. The legacy thinking of the organization that I perceived as my own, with respect to primary role is the provision of care such that there is no compromise of safety and protection. Duty of care is said to be having an overridden dignity and the risk involved (Bhui, 2009). However, it was unfortunate that effective decision making and real choice had not been the norm. Provided with the environment, I found it easier in seeing why it is and was extremely important for the initiation of change. Provided with the envir onment, I was able to see why transitioning to service delivery and person centred planning has faced difficulty that expected. In my overall experience, I understood that for the effective delivery of this approach, there is a significant need for changing the internal ways of processes and thinking for which I communicated with a number of authorities that were basic yet revolutionary. For the development of this portfolio, in supporting the selected individuals suffering from IDD, I have considered using the Mental Capacity Act (2005) within the best interest of 2 individuals specifically. In order to maintain ethical consideration and confidentiality in this paper, I will not disclose the identity of the 2 individuals I selected, instead I will refer to them as person 1 and person 2. In this context, I will be talking about their stories and processes for further planning a person centred future for the others. Part 1: Development of Person Centred Plan and Implementation Strategy Description of the Persons Person 1 is a 65 year old lady suffering from autism since childhood with serious learning disability. Due to her age, her hearing senses have weakened tremendously and is not able to communicate by the use of words. She has been mostly guiding the staff members taking care of her by giving directions or specific signs. Until the early phase of her life, person 1 lived with her parents who was then sent to a hospital specifically accommodating and taking care of children with autism. As she developed as an adult, she was transferred to a different health care institute specifically accommodating and taking care of adults with autism and other IDDs. Being a female, person 1 loves to socialize with other people, even though she is not able to listen properly, she likes to observe people around her and does not prefer staying alone. Communication Techniques for Identification of Learning Goals The attribute regarding the Triad of Impairment along with other attributes related to autism depicted that individuals on the spectrum of autism often do not have the ability of making informed choices. Further inabilities include communicating their wishes and desires, planning for the years to come and advocating for themselves. As an individual suffering from autism, the person centred planning of person 1 was done by considering each and every aspect of the disease for which I had to address sensory needs, allow the duration spent in context with special interests and avoid situations causing unnecessary distress. I understood the fact that person 1 used to get bored very fast and she did not like to follow exact time schedules. She expected variety in her limited life and hence, in order to promote learning I ensured using a number of different resources to communicate with her such that she put in efforts too. I used resources such as PECS, Dynamite, Signing, Objects or Photos of Reference, Talking Mats and Videos. PECS is referred to as the System of Picture Exchange Communication for which I exchanged picture symbols with person 1 for indicating her choices or needs, making requests and commenting. Dynamite is an electronic device that performs more or less the same functions as that of PECS (Bhui, 2009). In this resource, I built sentences as I clicked on symbols available on a specific machine and the machine read out the sentence loud. However, as the hearing senses of person 1 is extremely deteriorated, this resource was not effective. Signing is referred to as the language of signs used for the purpose of communication (Bhui, 2009). Every day was a new less for person 1 and hence, she showed huge interest in learning the signs. This was an effective resource as I do acknowledge the sign language. Further ahead, the use of objectives or photos of reference represented real activities and objects for the indication of choice in which also, person 1 showed significant interest. Talking Mats are significant tools used with the combination of photos or symbols (Barker, 2001). In this context, I focused on the display of mat such as favourite food and I placed related symbols and photos over the mat. I understood the significance of having two mats for ensuring person 1 was able sort individual meanings of photos or symbols among the two mats. I was aware of the fact that this resource is a skill that is to be used for development in early stage but I used this tool for helping person 1 to set her goals for the future. Finally, the resource of video was of huge significance as well in which I and my support team came up with a video person 1 areas of strength and favourite activities to ensure a successful engagement and interaction from her side. Learning Opportunities and Strategies for Addressing Individual Goals As a key aspect of this plan, my key focus was on empowering person 1 for the achievement of true and potential objectives, for obtaining an appropriate place across the community. My key focus was on the development of person- centred plan, after discussing with the individual for identification of her individual goals and assessment of her development and learning needs. I was able to communicate with her in sessions of counselling using the above mentioned tools of communication. I ensured the collaboration of elements related to person centred focus as highlighted in the above figure. Talking Mats are significant tools used with the combination of photos or symbols. In this context, I focused on the display of mat such as favourite food and I placed related symbols and photos over the mat. I understood the significance of having two mats for ensuring person 1 was able sort individual meanings of photos or symbols among the two mats. I was aware of the fact that this resource is a skill that is to be used for development in early stage but I used this tool for helping person 1 to set her goals for the future. Person Centred Development Plans When I considered presenting the plans of person centred development for person 1, I looked for her care records to analyse her current person centred planning. When I reviewed some literature on person centred planning, I identified that even though referred to as Essential Life Plan, it seemed to have the essence of fundamental components regarding what is significant for person 1, and what are her preferences regarding certain think. The fundamental base of Essential Life Plan had been indeed to support individuals like my client for moving from big institution that can be considered as a great way for gathering each and every significant information. There was a lack of connection and warmth in the previous person centred plan of person 1, and the documentation of routines had been done in a manner that had a feeling of organization instead of the feeling of person 1. There seemed to be an absence of support from communication and she required major understanding and support with communication. However, even though I have an experience of 2 years in the field, I could not think of ways how person 1 should be participating in ordinary activities while focusing on her development of role across the society. For the purpose of developing this plan, I used the tool of MAPS that means Making Actions Plans. Through a series of organizations, individuals and questions, by the utilization of I was able to construct a life story or personal history of the focus person that is person 1, on the basis of personal milestones. After I obtained knowledge about my focus person, I was able to explore her dreams in a better way for setting a better future for her. And hence, we moved towards building her future plan directing person 1 to her dreams. Part 2: Data Based Approach to Implementation Fidelity Implementation of Learning and Maintenance Strategies In the implementation of maintenance and learning strategies, I focused on the following steps for the change of culture and organization in order to deal with the case of person 1 (Brown, 2004): Examining, reviewing and clarifying the understandings of each and every authority involved in the organization, related to the values and beliefs of person 1 underpinning the social inclusion. Developing a clear vision regarding what the beliefs and value will refer to for the operations, relationships, language and action of the organization. Ensuring that external and internal messages are in consistency with a clear combination of values and beliefs, for consistent and frequent provision. Creating opportunities for each and every level across the organization for understanding the social inclusion involved in the case Examining stereotypical values and beliefs related to several individuals and growth that will end up hindering the approach of person centred planning Recognizing and responding to the diversity across groups of culture Examining the mission and vision statements, practices and policies with respect to a deeper understanding about the social inclusion Encouraging internal discussion regarding if my focus person is going through genuine community and social inclusion Ensuring that there is no misinterpretation for the values of community and social inclusion Ensuring that everyone across the organization, from the level of board to the staff of front line, understanding that the areas of key result and principles related to the Guidelines of Community Participating Program are reflected in the current practices In addition to these steps, I considered investigating and using planning tools and approaches for truly addressing the aspect of social exclusion in the case of person 1, for further leading towards social inclusion. This was supporting for valuing the roles and expanding the friendships and relationships. I further considered recruiting people who had a sense and commitment of social inclusion that I think was a significant criteria. Communication of Person Centred Skills Development Plan I communicated with my supervisor for assessing the capacity of consent provided to me mentioning about the tasks I will perform with person 1. She stated that there were already a number of referrals for support of psychology in reference with pending assessments of capacity. She suggested I should be shadowing the process as significant while provided me with additional guidance. Further ahead, I approached my line manager for obtaining consent to be present in the meeting with the psychology and she happily approved for the same. The psychologist took the role of advisory being a person who should be completing the assessment of capacity related to the decision. There was an independent advocate in the meeting who was showing resistance in leading the work. This was being done irrespective of the fact that my manager was approving to provide full support to person 1 and other 4 individuals in the group on daily basis with appropriate communication. At the meeting, the psychologist asked a number of questions in relation with the communication skills of person 1, specifically her expressive and receptive skills of communication. The reason behind this was that they are central skills for gaining the ability of understanding certain things, weighing up disadvantages and advantages and ensuring the retention of information. I believe that everyone in the meeting was aware that she did not have the capacity. However, as per the Mental Capacity Act (2005), it has been stated that every individual holds such capacity until or unless it is proved significantly (Bhui, 2009). I further stated in the meeting about what all tools of communication I will use in the planning mentioning that I used resources such as PECS, Dynamite, Signing, Objects or Photos of Reference, Talking Mats and Videos. Some notes had been emailed by the psychologist related to the meeting while there was a provision of additional support. Person 1 has some contact with her family, and even though they do visit the institute on regular basis, they do make regular calls for seeing how she is doing with the treatment and interventions. As I though appropriate, I provided the details about the plan to her family members as well. Facilitation of Learning Process For the facilitation of learning process in the plan, I perceived the person centred principles. The first principle was centralizing the person with disability that is person 1. She herself chose the scope of participation in the phase of planning as per her own ability and preference, and was supported and encouraged for having maximum control over the entire process of planning. Further ahead, I showed commitment to contribute individuals with disability who lived in well- designed and accessible communities with significant opportunities for including her cultural, sporting, economic and social life. In addition to this, each and every indirect and direct activity of service delivery and design focused on the achievement of positive outcomes for person 1. The attribute regarding the Triad of Impairment along with other attributes related to autism depicted that individuals on the spectrum of autism often do not have the ability of making informed choices. Further inabilities include communicating their wishes and desires, planning for the years to come and advocating for themselves. As an individual suffering from autism, the person centred planning of person 1 was done by considering each and every aspect of the disease for which I had to address sensory needs, allow the duration spent in context with special interests and avoid situations causing unnecessary distress. Reviewing and Monitoring the Plan For the purpose of reviewing and monitoring the plan, I considered a continuous process for the introduction of significant change in the circumstances and situation of the focus individual that is person 1, a major period of transition for her, agreed actions and strategies for being considered in the unanticipated blocks or barriers. The lessons that I learned were regarding how certain things work or do not work in the plan, what should have or could have been done and how these can be considered significant for being captured and documented. I identified that adjustment, amendment or updating of this plan be done at any point of time, and there can be a continuous provision of feedback, reviewing and reflecting the process of planning as continuous learning (Carnaby, 2005). When I considered presenting the plans of person centred development for person 1, I looked for her care records to analyse her current person centred planning. When I reviewed some literature on person centre d planning, I identified that even though referred to as Essential Life Plan, it seemed to have the essence of fundamental components regarding what is significant for person 1, and what are her preferences regarding certain think. Part 3: Evaluation of Person Centred Plan Monitoring Progress and Providing Feedback For monitoring progress and providing feedback, I considered using the Collaborative Goal Technology (GCT). The key objective of CGT is for assisting person 1 in progressing with the individual process of recovery. Originally, this technology had been designed for facilitation of collaboration among an individual trying to recover, and the mental health worker with respect to monitoring. This further involves the development of individualized goals of recovery and the overall vision of recovery. It involves to adapt other highly used interventions of setting goal (Cowley, 2007). I consider its development for getting better outcomes in association with the level to which person 1 showed active participation in the recovery, goal setting and treatment. Person 1 has some contact with her family, and even though they do visit the institute on regular basis, they do make regular calls for seeing how she is doing with the treatment and interventions. As I though appropriate, I provided the details about the plan to her family members as well. Effectiveness Evaluation for Person Centred Skills Development Plan For the purpose of evaluating the effectiveness of this plan, I considered a continuous process for the introduction of significant change in the circumstances and situation of the focus individual that is person 1, a major period of transition for her, agreed actions and strategies for being considered in the unanticipated blocks or barriers. The lessons that I learned were regarding how certain things work or do not work in the plan, what should have or could have been done and how these can be considered significant for being captured and documented (Johnston, 2013). I identified that adjustment, amendment or updating of this plan be done at any point of time, and there can be a continuous provision of feedback, reviewing and reflecting the process of planning as continuous learning. As evident above, it is extremely important for knowing the level which contribution has been made by the person centred plan for the achievement of objectives with respect to the improvement of economic and social conditions of person 1. It has been stated by ILO (2008, 13) that: While mechanisms and processes are important, the effectiveness of such mechanisms should be assessed in terms of outcomes. Setting qualitative and quantitative indicators of success in achieving the educational and training targets in line with the Decent Work Agenda are useful in building common understanding of success, shortcomings, and lessons learnt (-ILO, 2008; 13). I am now aware that interventions for development of skills with person centre is mostly inclusive of evaluations for perceiving satisfaction and learning lessons from the error (MacFarlane, 2009). However, both indirect or direct outcomes, and outputs are to be considered for evaluation on less frequent basis. Person 1 has some contact with her family, and even though they do visit the institute on regular basis, they do make regular calls for seeing how she is doing with the treatment and interventions. As I thought appropriate, I provided the details about the plan to her family members as well. Opportunities for Skills Maintenance and Enhancement After I completed the assessment of capacity I moved on to assess my own process. According to me this task was extremely easy as I had been following my own footprint. I did not consider the need of holding a major meeting for the process of best interest, while I just had to send emails to certain individuals involved in providing care to person 1. Overall, the process involved some challenges. One of the most significant difficulty was regarding the facilitation of staff for sharing ideas with creativity. They only seemed to have the ability of telling me things that they did and did not turned their thought process of what could have been done in a better way. I obtained a number of opportunities to enhance my and person 1 skills and learning. For the facilitation of learning process in the plan, I perceived the person centred principles. The first principle was centralizing the person with disability that is person 1. She herself chose the scope of participation in the phase of planning as per her own ability and preference, and was supported and encouraged for having maximum control over the entire process of planning. Further ahead, I showed commitment to contribute individuals with disability who lived in well- designed and accessible communities with significant opportunities for including her cultural, sporting, economic and social life (Sanderson, 2007b). In addition to this, each and every indirect and direct activity of service delivery and design focused on the achievement of positive outcomes for person 1. Duty of care is said to be having an overridden dignity and the risk involved. However, it was unfortunate that effective decision making and real choice had not been the norm (Sanderson, 2007a). Provided with the environment, I found it easier in seeing why it is and was extremely important for the initiation of change. Provided with the environment, I was able to see why transitioning to service delivery and person centred planning has faced difficulty that expected. In my overall experience, I understood that for the effective delivery of this approach, there is a significant need for changing the internal ways of processes and thinking for which I communicated with a number of authorities that were basic yet revolutionary. Conclusion Person 1 is a 65 year old lady suffering from autism since childhood with serious learning disability. Due to her age, her hearing senses have weakened tremendously and is not able to communicate by the use of words. She has been mostly guiding the staff members taking care of her by giving directions or specific signs. I understood the fact that person 1 used to get bored very fast and she did not like to follow exact time schedules. She expected variety in her limited life and hence, in order to promote learning I ensured using a number of different resources to communicate with her such that she put in efforts too. As a key aspect of this plan, my key focus was on empowering person 1 for the achievement of true and potential objectives, for obtaining an appropriate place across the community. My key focus was on the development of person- centred plan, after discussing with the individual for identification of her individual goals and assessment of her development and learning nee ds. I was able to communicate with her in sessions of counselling using the above mentioned tools of communication. For the purpose of reviewing and monitoring the plan, I considered a continuous process for the introduction of significant change in the circumstances and situation of the focus individual that is person 1. For this, I considered a major period of transition for her, agreed actions and strategies for being considered in the unanticipated blocks or barriers (Schuldheis, 2007). The lessons that I learned were regarding how certain things work or do not work in the plan, what should have or could have been done and how these can be considered significant for being captured and documented. I am now aware that interventions for development of skills with person centre is mostly inclusive of evaluations for perceiving satisfaction and learning lessons from the error (Singer, 2011). However, both indirect or direct outcomes, and outputs are to be considered for evaluation on less frequent basis. Person 1 has some contact with her family, and even though they do visit the institute on regul ar basis, they do make regular calls for seeing how she is doing with the treatment and interventions. As I thought appropriate, I provided the details about the plan to her family members as well. After I completed the assessment of capacity I moved on to assess my own process. According to me this task was extremely easy as I had been following my own footprint. I did not consider the need of holding a major meeting for the process of best interest, while I just had to send emails to certain individuals involved in providing care to person 1. Overall, the process involved some challenges but I was able to deal with them. References Barker, P. (2001). The Tidal Model: developing an empowering, person centred approach to recovery within psychiatric and mental health nursing.Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing,8(3), 233-240. Bhui, K. (2009). A learning and action manual to improve care pathways for mental health and recovery among BME groups.International Review of Psychiatry,21(5), 472-481. Brown, J. (2004). Person centred planning or person centred action? Policy and practice in intellectual disability services.Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities,17(1), 1-9. Carnaby, S. (2005).Person centred planning and care management with people with learning disabilities. Jessica Kingsley Publishers. Cowley, S. (2007). Working on person-centred planning From amber to green light?Journal of Intellectual Disabilities, 11(1), 65-82. Johnston, C. (Eds.). (2013).Working in mental health: practice and policy in a changing environment. Routledge. ILO (2008). Conclusions on skills for improved productivity, employment growth and development. Pp. 13. Accessed from: https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_emp/---ifp_skills/documents/publication/wcms_103457.pdf MacFarlane, A. (2009). Integration of peer support workers into community mental health teams.International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation,14(1), 99-110. Sanderson, H. (2007a). Person centred planning: factors associated with successful outcomes for people with intellectual disabilities.Journal of Intellectual Disability Research,51(3), 232-243. Sanderson, H. (2007b). Reported Barriers to the Implementation of Person Centred Planning for People with Intellectual Disabilities in the UK. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities,20(4), 297-307. Schuldheis, R. N. (2007). Initiating person-centered care practices in long-term care facilities.Journal of Gerontological Nursing,33(11), 47. Singer, G. (2011). Managing my life as a peer support worker.Psychiatric rehabilitation journal,35(2), 149.

The Ghost of Christmas Past Essay Example For Students

The Ghost of Christmas Past Essay Dickens has Scrooge say these words, which make the readers, feel sympathetic to Cratchit and his family because Scrooge is a miser and doesnt want to give his employee a day off where as some employers would hold a Christmas party as well. Scrooge treats Cratchit with no respect as a person; Cratchit is just Scrooges employee.  The ghost of Marley warns Scrooge that if he has to change his ways and he still has a chance of escaping his fate. The Ghost of Marley wore heavy chains and It was madeof cash-boxes, keys, padlocks, ledgers, deeds, and heavy purses wrought in steel.  Ã‚  The Ghost of Marley regrets not being more philanthropic in life when he was alive and he said  Why did I walk through crowds of fellow human beings with my eyes turned down, never raise themto a poor abode!  Outside the window, the Ghost of Marley showed Scrooge phantoms which all had chains like the Ghost of Marley. They were  Wandering hither and thither in restless haste, and moaning as they went. We will write a custom essay on The Ghost of Christmas Past specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Some few were linked together; none were free  One old ghostcried piteously at being unable to assist a wretched woman with an infant.upon a doorstep.  In stave 2, Dickens has the Ghost of Christmas Past show Scrooge himself as a young boy, when his father maltreated him. Dickens uses the Ghost of Christmas  Past to show us, where Scrooge went wrong in his life. Dickens uses his past Christmases to soften Scrooges heart.  The sight of of the past Christmases moved Scrooge especially his childhood Christmases, when he wept to see his poor forgotten self. Scrooge says there was a boy last night singing at his door and he would have liked to give him something, this is as he starts feeling sorry for people. This promotes benevolence, charity and philanthropy because he is starting to change so others can too. The Ghost of Christmas Past took Scrooge to a certain warehouse door and they went in. Scrooges immediate reaction was Why, its old Fezziwig! Bless his heart; its Fezziwig alive again.  Fezziwig is important to Scrooge as he is Scrooges first employer and he was very philanthropic. He throws a Christmas party and Dickens describes it in a very lively manner. The Ghost of Christmas Past is working on Scrooge when he first walks into the warehouse. Fezziwig is very warm hearted, as an employer should be and Dickens contrasts between the warm hearted Fezziwig to the misery old Scrooge as employers. After Fezziwigs ball Dickens has the old Scrooge enjoy himself. Scrooge argues with the Ghost of Christmas Past about the old him and Dick giving Fezziwig praise and Scrooge says It isnt thatit isnt that, Spirit. He has the power to render us happy or unhappy; to make our service light or burdensome; a pleasure or toil. Say that his power lies in words and looks; in things so slight and significant that it is impossible to add and count em up; what then? The happiness he gives, is quite as great as if it cost a fortune.  Fezziwig treated Dick and Scrooge with respect and treats them almost as if they are family. Whereas Scrooge treats Cratchit with little respect and makes him work in poor conditions. Dickens includes the section concerning the old Scrooge and his fiancà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½e, Belle because it shows that Scrooge did love someone but he lost it through love of money. Belle gives Scrooge the chance to break off the engagement because she is poor and she says that Scrooge loves money more than love, he has become mercenary. Dickens shows us where Scrooge chooses money over love. A mistake. Dickens just uses a very short scene that could be a whole novel but instead he of doing that he gives Belle a cameo roll. She could have been the woman of his life, Scrooge wouldnt have ended up a bitter, lonely man. The loneliness of Scrooge is emphasised by Dickens. Scrooge extinguishes the Ghost of Christmas Past. .ue56aa05e2e80144ed9c115ac4caf2e62 , .ue56aa05e2e80144ed9c115ac4caf2e62 .postImageUrl , .ue56aa05e2e80144ed9c115ac4caf2e62 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue56aa05e2e80144ed9c115ac4caf2e62 , .ue56aa05e2e80144ed9c115ac4caf2e62:hover , .ue56aa05e2e80144ed9c115ac4caf2e62:visited , .ue56aa05e2e80144ed9c115ac4caf2e62:active { border:0!important; } .ue56aa05e2e80144ed9c115ac4caf2e62 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue56aa05e2e80144ed9c115ac4caf2e62 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue56aa05e2e80144ed9c115ac4caf2e62:active , .ue56aa05e2e80144ed9c115ac4caf2e62:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue56aa05e2e80144ed9c115ac4caf2e62 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue56aa05e2e80144ed9c115ac4caf2e62 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue56aa05e2e80144ed9c115ac4caf2e62 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue56aa05e2e80144ed9c115ac4caf2e62 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue56aa05e2e80144ed9c115ac4caf2e62:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue56aa05e2e80144ed9c115ac4caf2e62 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue56aa05e2e80144ed9c115ac4caf2e62 .ue56aa05e2e80144ed9c115ac4caf2e62-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue56aa05e2e80144ed9c115ac4caf2e62:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The elements of drama EssayIn stave 3, Dickens introduces to us the second of the three ghosts The Ghost of Christmas Present. The start of this stave an attractive scene is painted, Dickens paints such an attractive scene, we cannot help but be moved and excited by Christmas. Dickens describes how Christmas is a good, exciting time. The reader is reminded of this as well as Scrooge.  Dickens has The Ghost of Christmas Present to take Scrooge on a tour of the city because Scrooge has never seen the city in the way the Ghost of Christmas Present shows it to him. Dickens has Scrooge react in the way he does to the people in the street, because Dickens is showing that is asking questions about them. Dickens has Scrooge react to the Cratchits especially Tiny Tim after he said God bless us every one! because he had an interest that he had never felt before in whether Tiny Tim will die or survive and the spirit just says if these shadows remain unaltered by the future, the child will die  No, noOh, no, kind spirit! Say he will be spared If he be like to die, he had better do it and decrease the surplus population. When Dickens had made the spirit repeat Scrooges own words, Scrooge was overcome with penitence and grief and his head was hung. Dickens has Scrooge says about Cratchit only earning but fifteen Bob a week himself and then the spirit blessed the four-roomed house. This promotes benevolence and charity because people like Tiny Tim and feel sorry for the Cratchit family who have to survive on a small earning. When Cratchit gives Mr. Scrooge a toast for being founder of the feast he wife gets cross and says she will toast for the days sake and for Bobs but not for a odious, stingy, hard, unfeeling man as Mr. Scrooge. Dickens has Scrooge to react in the way that he does to his nephew, Fred because it promotes charity and benevolence. At Freds house there is a game of yes or no being played about Scrooge  An animal, a live animal, an animal that growled and grunted sometimes and talked sometimes and lived in London. Fred also gave Scrooge a toast, at which  Scrooge had imperceptibly became so gay and light of heart, that he would have pledged the unconscious company in return, and thanked them in an inaudible speech, if the ghost had given him time. This promotes benevolence and charity by people being nice to Scrooge even when he isnt pleasant to them.

Movie Genres Vocabulary Lesson for English Learners

Movie Genres Vocabulary Lesson for English Learners Movies (or films) have become an important part of almost everybodys life. Hollywood, Bollywood and many other film centers make a wide variety of films to keep us entertained. This lesson focuses on encouraging students to discuss some of their favorite films by asking students to discuss examples of different  films they like. Next, students write short plot summaries to share with each other.   Aim: Conversation about films to practice and learn new vocabulary related to movies / films Activity: Initial conversation followed by group work for writing practice Level:  Intermediate Outline:   Start the lesson by asking students which type of films there are. Make a few suggestions of recent films using some of the film types to get students started.  Provide a sheet with quick definitions of different film types.  Have students get into small groups and try to come up with at least one film for each type of film.Introduce the idea of a plot. As a class, choose a movie with which everyone is familiar. Write a  quick plot summary together on the board.Each student then chooses a film and writes a short plot summary for the film.Have students get into pairs.  Students describe their chosen films to each other. Students should take notes on each others films.Students switch partners and describe the plot of their first partners film to another student. Speaking About Movies / Films Exercise 1: Movie Types   Try to come up with one example for each type of film. Exercise 2: Plot Summary   You can describe movies by speaking about their plot. Think of a movie youve enjoyed and write up a plot summary.   Plot The plot is the general story of the movie. For example,  Boy meets girl. Boy falls in love with girl. Girl doesnt love boy back. Boy finally convinces girl that hes the right guy.   Types of Films Provide students with these brief descriptions of the following common film genres. Horror   Horror films feature lots of monsters such as Frankenstein, or Dracula. The object of horror films is to make you scream and be afraid, very afraid! Action Action films are films in which the heroes have lots of battles, do incredible stunts and drive fast.   Martial arts Martial arts films feature martial arts such as Judo, Karate, Taekwondo and so on. Bruce Lee made very famous martial arts films. Adventure Adventure films are like action films, but they take place in exotic places. Adventure films include films about pirates, historical adventures such as sailing around the world and space exploration.   Comedy There are many different types of comedy films. In general, comedies make you laugh - a lot! Romance Romance films are love stories made to melt our hearts with stories of people finding each other and falling in love. Many romances are romantic comedies. Romantic comedy Romantic comedies are sweet films that include romance, but also lots of funny moments as well.   Mockumentary A mockumentary is a type of joke documentary. In other words, the film is like a documentary, but about something that doesnt really exist. Mockumentaries are often comedies.   Documentary   A documentary is a film that investigates some real-life story that is very interesting for a number of reasons. Many documentaries look at the causes of world problems  or new types of scientific discoveries.   Animation Animation films are sometimes cartoons such as Disney films. However, with computer animation, many cartoons are now animation films. Animation films use computer graphics to make elaborate stories of adventure, comedies, and more.   Biographical Biographical films focus on someones life story. These films are usually about very famous people. Biographical films are also often documentaries.   Disaster Disaster films are a type of adventure film. Unfortunately, disaster films focus on horrible things happening to us like the end of the world films of 2012. Superhero Superhero films are also a type of adventure film. These films feature superheroes from comic books such as Superman, Batman, and Spiderman. Science-fiction Science-fiction films are set in the future and might be about other planets, or just about the future of our planet Earth. Science-fiction films often feature many elements of adventure films such as chases and battles. Drama Drama films are often sad stories about difficult situations in life such as fighting cancer or difficult love stories.   Historical drama Historical dramas are based on real events that happened in the past that are historically important. Thriller Thrillers are spy or espionage stories that are similar to adventure films, but often feature international spy rings, or countries trying to find out secrets about each other.   Detective story Detective stories focus on solving crimes. Usually,  there is a detective who must find out who committed a crime before the criminal commits other horrible crimes.

Review of the Book Pursuit of Happyness by Chris Gardner

Review of the Book Pursuit of Happyness by Chris Gardner Chris Gardner’s life story is impressive. Despite having never gone to college, and after a period of being homeless, he became a wildly successful stockbroker and wrote his memoir, Pursuit of Happyness. It’s not surprising that Hollywood turned his story into a blockbuster film starring Will Smith. Pursuit of Happyness  tracks this happy, rags-to-riches story, starting in early childhood and including Gardners adult progression through a few different careers. About the Book Chris Gardner went from an impoverished childhood to become a wealthy stockbroker and entrepreneur and managed to juggle single fatherhood before it was culturally accepted. His memoir, Pursuit of Happyness, spends a lot of time recounting that difficult childhood and his transition to the military and to time spent working in medicine. The story picks up more speed two-thirds of the way through when Gardner is living in San Francisco determined to raise his son and succeed as a stockbroker, despite having never gone to college. Gardner’s message can seem inconsistent. On the one hand, he was moved by his own troubled childhood to vow that he would be a good father to his children. On the other hand, a flashy red Ferrari caught his eye one day, prompting him to adopt the goal of becoming a stockbroker in order to earn enough money to buy his own Ferrari. The two goals aren’t incompatible, of course, but Gardner doesn’t mention any tension he may have felt between his selfless love for his son and his more superficial-seeming financial goals. Any self-reflection present in Gardner’s story seems to be mostly the self-reflection of a motivational speaker, which Gardner has become. There is much discussion of working hard to overcome the paucity of other African-Americans on Wall Street, not to mention Gardner’s lack of a college degree. The Pursuit of Happyness makes for an enjoyable story, and an inspiring one, but leaves the reader looking for something more. What Makes the Book Worth Reading (or Not) Chris Gardners story is unique in more ways than one. A child who grew up largely in foster care, he found the tenacity, strength of character, and talent within himself to become extraordinarily successful. A black man growing up in poverty, he built a reputation that turned him into a major motivational speaker for people of all backgrounds. Perhaps most significantly, Gardner is a father (not a mother) who did whatever it took to ensure that his son would grow up in a safe, loving home. If you are struggling against the odds, you may well find reassurance and motivation in Gardners experience. If you dont find motivational biographies inspiring, you may also want to read the book as background before viewing the movie version starring Will Smith. The movie includes only a portion of the full story, and skips or changes some of the details. Both book and movie, however, have similar pros and cons. As with many rags-to-riches stories, the emphasis is on the grit and determination of the individual and not on the systemic issues that placed the individual in a seemingly  impossible situation. Much of Gardners achievement is related, not to relationship-building or self-discovery, but to the ability to find a niche in which he could fit in and make the money he craved. For many people, Gardners story will be inspirational; for others its likely to be frustrating.

Charlie Wilson's War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Charlie Wilson's War - Essay Example Charlie Wilson prevented the Red Army from overtaking Afghanistan, and this eventually led to the collapse of the Soviet Union and simultaneously fueled the rise of radical Islam. A congressional representative, Charlie Wilson had great interest in partying and staffing his congressional office with young and attractive women. This social life of Charlie Wilson brings into attention federal investigation about him being a cocaine user (Bronson 301). The federal prosecutor Rudy Giuliani carried the investigation, but no evidence against Charlie was found. Charlie was a fervent anti-communist with a strong dislike of the Soviets and was a friend of the Nicaragua’s Somoza and Pakistan’s Muhammad Zia Hag. Generally, nobody is a purist, but Charlie Wilson seemed to be one. What lured him to the plight of Afghanistan was the insurgency against the Soviet occupation and his passion for the underdogs (Quick and Nelson 456). The Soviet-Afghan war was a nine-year conflict that in volved the Soviet Union forces supported by the Marxist people of the Afghanistan government against Mujahedeen resistance. In the context of the cold war, this group found support from various sources like the United States, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, and other Muslim nations. The efforts of Charlie Wilson made it possible for the Afghans to defeat the Soviet Forces. This was the last war of the cold war period. It gave a clear understanding of the two most important events of our time, which are the collapse of the Soviet Union and the rise of the militant Islam. Charlie Wilson served in Texas House and Senate before moving to the United States House of Representatives, where he served with the second congressional district before he retired in 1996. In the beginning of the book, Wilson is in a tub with two showgirls and a good supply of cocaine. This reputation made people underestimate Charlie Wilson and allowed him to work without anyone seeing. Charlie Wilson was used to seeing b attles and wars; he, therefore, saw himself as a man of destiny. Wilson had an unwavering patriotism and was convinced of the threat by the Soviets since the time he graduated from college (Crile 149). John F. Kennedy, when he won the elections through his inaugural speeches, has inspired Wilson. In his later age, Wilson never thought entirely of the news reports from the Afghanistan refugees, who flew from the Pakistan in thousands, and the gunships that destroyed the villages. Charlie Wilson and his counterpart Gust Avrakotos have a public picture as quintessential stereotypical American cowboys. They are depicted as fearless, rough-necked, and social class rule breakers who worked around the obstacles and pushed roughly their mutual enemy, the Soviet Union. They both used politics, spy novel secrecy, American money, and technology to fight against the Afghan tribesmen. Gust Avrakotos Until the production of the book Charlie Wilson War in 2003, the public knew almost nothing about Gust. The book portrays the U.S involvement in the Afghanistan-Soviet war as a partnership between Gust and a Texas congressional representative, Charles Wilson. Gust was born in Pennsylvania in the family of the Greek American soft drink manufacturer from the island of Aliquippa (Quick and Nelson 487). Gust graduated from the University of Pittsburgh after completing his

Social Psychology Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Social Psychology - Assignment Example The writer in this piece acted the way she did due to many reasons. The reason she got married probably was she was pregnant. However if society had not made her feel bad about being single and pregnant, she might have acted differently. The consensus between her and Simon was an agreement to get married. The writer tried to consistently get along with Bernice, but distinctively left her husband after he refused to take up for her. Simon acted the way he did because he did not want either his wife or mother mad at him. It is true he cannot control his mother’s actions, but he can control his. If he wants his mother to stop abusing the writer verbally, Simon could speak up. It is his mother. All the situation would have taken was a â€Å"Mom this is not the time† at the wedding or birth of his son. A â€Å"I was there when she got pregnant too† would have also worked. Simon is apparently too scared to say these things. Bernice probably acted this way due to feelings of abandonment, or control issues. When a man gets married a mother can feel like she is losing her son. Most mothers deal with it, but some do not. Bernice was out of line. She was being self centered and not thinking of the happiness of her son or grandson. The solution to this problem is Simon stands up to his mother, or the writer gets a divorce. The sad part is divorce is more likely. It is hard for a child, even grown, to stand up for themselves.

Wal-Mart SWOT Analysis Essay Example for Free

Wal-Mart SWOT Analysis Essay Wal-Mart has an abundance of strengths which is obvious due to its incredible success. Wal-Mart is the largest employer in the United States and the company is one of the few places left for people to get a decent job without a college education. Wal-Mart also has the second largest net sales in the world. This incredible number of sales is due significantly to Wal-Marts aggressive growth strategy. In 2003 alone they added 425 new stores all over the world. An increase in customer demand for SuperCenters encouraged the company to add 4,000 more. Overall they added 48 million square feet of retail space (Wal-Mart Company Profile 6). They can also attribute their large amount of sales to the fact that they have stores all over the world. Their truly global presence is apparent in their operation of around 1,350 Wal-Mart Discount Stores, 1,700 SuperCenters, 85 Neighborhood Markets and 550 Sams Clubs in the United States, with numbers continuing to grow†¦and about 1,300 locations in Canada, Mexico, the UK, Germany, Asia and South America (Wal-Mart Company Profile 5). One of Wal-Marts competitive advantages is their remarkable logistics system. They are able to ship merchandise from any of their numerous distribution centers in order to provide the cheapest and most efficient route. They even have their own distribution center for their online orders. The invention of sharing sales data with suppliers through computer programs has allowed Wal-Mart to consistently keep their shelves stocked with popular items. Technology in general is an unbelievable strength that Wal-Mart is able to invest in to improve their company. Having a website has allowed for increased sales all over the world. This not only provides convenience for customers, but with a logistics system like the one Wal-Mart has in place, online orders have become a breeze to fill. Even though Wal-Mart has been criticized for their low wages, they are actually doing a lot of good for lower income people. They can save a family about $1,000 a year with their low prices (Wal-Mart Storm 3). Wal-Mart can beat out many competitors with their aggressive pricing strategy. They have the ability to cut prices on some products, such as toys, by thirty percent in order to stimulate more sales. Wal-Mart has even been able to lure in higher-income customers when they open store in more urban areas. Since  Wal-Mart has become the nations largest food retailer, people from all income levels are shopping there for their necessity items. They have even been working on a more upscale appearance of their stores to attract these customers. The service that Wal-Mart offers to its customers is a great advantage as well. They have a strong image that it is a friendly and helpful place to shop where people are always willing to make your experience a good one. The added incentives are the constant price rollback, as well as the store-within-a-store. A great deal of Wal-Marts success can be attributed to the fact that the company was based on identifying, knowing, and understanding what exactly customers want from a retailer. A few final strengths are linked to the public criticisms that Wal-Mart has been facing. They are paying particular close attention to environmental issues and have vowed to increase use of renewable energy, reduce waste and carry environmentally sensitive products†¦Wal-Mart will soon be selling baby clothes made using organically grown cotton and has plans to improve its truck fleet efficiency by twenty-five percent in the next three years (Two Public Relations 3). Wal-Mart has also recently been pushing for a higher minimum wage, a step that is surprising to many other retailers in the industry. Weaknesses In the eyes of some of the general public, Wal-Mart has weaknesses that affect not only their image, but the lives of other people. Some view Wal-Mart as a retailing giant that has taken over the retail industry. Because of Wal-Marts low prices and well-known name, they have been able to capture the sales of an unbelievable number of consumers, and have therefore made it extremely difficult for small retailers to survive. Ethical shoppers, those who are concerned with the well-being of small retailers, are angry at the monopolizing power Wal-Mart has been able to gain in the past few decades. Most small shops have been forced to close due to lack of sales. Some people refuse to shop at Wal-Mart because of these issues. This poor image that Wal-Mart has in some peoples eyes has taken a toll on its stock price as well. Many environmentalists are concerned with the large scale buildings that are  not sensitive to the environment. These buildings also cause a problem of traffic pollution and congestion which can damage small communities. The employees of Wal-Mart can suffer a great deal as well. Many receive only poverty-level wages and horrible health care benefits. Problems with these healthcare benefits lead to employees applying for public aid, which in turn means that taxpayers are the ones paying for Wal-Mart employees healthcare costs (Wal-Mart Storm 2). Wal-Mart has been accused of discriminating against female employees and violating child labor laws. Because of these criticisms, employee morale has been decreased as well. Wal-Mart sometimes has a disadvantage in the location of their stores. Although Wal-Mart has grown and expanded a great deal into the international market, they still do not have a large part of the European market. They are only present in the UK and their competitors are gaining in the other surrounding countries. Wal-Mart also needs to consider the consequences of placing their stores too close together. Instead of increasing the volume of products per store, they open another one. Wal-Mart has already been facing a problem with a decrease in Saturday store sales. A lack of products, as well as a decrease in the quality of them, may be attributed to this loss of sales. They have also been said to have poor presentation and marketing of products on the floor. Price deflation is a serious dilemma that Wal-Mart and many discount stores are facing as well. They often buy too much of one product and then have to put it on sale or clearance in order to turnover the merchandise. Instead of increasing sales with low priced items, Wal-Mart is actually lowering their profits. Consumers will only buy so much of a particular product, even if it is priced low. Wal-Mart has a tendency to overstock and therefore reduce gross margins when they sell products for reduced prices. Also, after seeing disappointing numbers, Wal-Mart has repeatedly said that their company would have increased earnings in the following quarter. Unfortunately, they have not been able to keep this promise. Wal-Mart has a weakness in that they promise unrealistic earnings, and then do not meet their expectations. This causes their stock to constantly waiver. Even as  the economy is rising, Wal-Marts stock is not necessarily seeing an increase. Finally, Wal-Mart can have problems with their flexibility. Since Wal-Mart sells products across many sectors, such as clothing, food, or stationary, it may not have the flexibility of some of its more focused competitors (SWOT Analysis 1). These competitors have the ability to make changes and improve on a certain product lines when the needs of their customers change. Wal-Mart, however, may have too much merchandise and not be able to focus in on sectors that need to be improved. They also might not have the available information, resources and know-how to make any changes. Opportunities Since Wal-Mart is the largest retailer in the United States, it has a very good opportunity to become the largest retailer in the world. They do not always carry a diverse selection of products, so they could expand stores and merchandise to attract more customers. An area that could especially be increased is their musical products. Wal-Mart does not carry a large quantity or mixture of musical products such as instruments, and these can be high profit items. Their image could be improved if they focused on having certain products, such as CDs and DVDs available on their release dates. Along the same lines, Wal-Mart could diversify their store types. They have been successful with implementing Neighborhood Markets, and have even tried a mall store recently. By focusing on a specific target market in a specific area, Wal-Mart could be the number one retailer for everyone. They already have the available resources to try new store types in new segments. It is also a logical step to increase and expand their current SuperCenters, which are expected to increase sales dramatically in the future. The reason it is expected to drive growth so affectively is SuperCenters are considered extremely high growth stores, more productive than supermarkets and expecting to produce $500 in sales per square foot (Wal-Mart Company Profile 8). Wal-Mart has yet to penetrate to many East and West Coast food markets that occupy the top 50 (food retailing markets) (New Competitors 1). Another great opportunity is to improve on the areas which they have been criticized. Wal-Mart has already announced a new health care plan which would increase benefits to employees. They are very concerned with child labor laws, so they have said that they will pay especially close attention to their overseas suppliers and their labor practices. Also, Wal-Mart has the opportunity to work on improving the environment. They have such a large image that any programs they support have the ability to produce tremendous results. By working on solutions to these concerns they can help improve their image and increase their market share. Wal-Mart is such a major player in the retail industry that its decisions can have an effect on the global economy, the environment and society. They have the ability to slightly decrease the price of inflation because of their low prices. Also, due to their low prices, there is an increase in wages in developing countries. For the United States, wages may be low, but in other places where manufacturing goods is cheaper, wages can actually be considered high. By offering jobs and increasing the wealth in other countries, it is possible for a substantial middle class to exist there and also increase Wal-Mart sales by having stores in those areas (Wal-Mart Storm 4. Continued international expansion is a huge strategic opportunity for Wal-Mart. There is actually more opportunity for growth in developing countries and Asian markets than there is in the United States (Variety Stores 8). Creating alliances and licensing agreements are ways to move into these market segments. Other growth opportunities include the Internet and improved supply chain management through radio-frequency identification (RFID). Threats In order to keep prices low, Wal-Mart has had to cut costs in other areas. This includes squeezing suppliers to offering their products at much lower prices. This has driven competitors to do the same, which is causing profits to plunge downward drastically. A threat to Wal-Marts image is the fact that for the few years after they open up a new store, the wages of  that county fall by three to five percent. Another threat is the rapidly growing chain of Dollar General discount stores. These stores are able to open in smaller areas where there are not enough customers to support Wal-Mart. The deep discount that is offered at Dollar stores competes greatly with Wal-Mart. The economy has a slight effect on Wal-Marts customers. They have an advantage because the do offer cheap products that appeal to people in the time of a recession. However, most of Wal-Marts customers do not directly experience most of the governments attempts to stimulate the economy. Wal-Mart must work very hard to compete in times of uncertainty. Another threat that Wal-Mart faces is brand-name recognition. Although they carry and have increased their assortment of name brand products, most consumers searching for name brand products will not look at Wal-Mart to find them. Wal-Mart lacks a direct sales force to increase sales, whereas smaller retailers are focusing more and more on this aspect therefore increasing their competition. A major threat to Wal-Mart is the areas that they are expanding into may not be easily attainable. It will be difficult for them to gain a good part of the market share of hard-line products such as home improvements. These areas have greater competition and Wal-Mart does not have a clear cost advantage. International expansion may also create slow or rough short-term growth. The international market is predicted to have excellent long-term growth success, but these earnings may not be seen in the near future. Also, Wal-Mart has huge expansion plans that are very public. If these stores do not open on time, or are subject to delays and build issues, then analysts predictions will not be met and share price may suffer (Wal-Mart Company Profile 9). On the contrary, if Wal-Mart successfully meets all of its deadlines, investors may still be hesitant to invest in their company. In the past, when retailers meet their expectations, and the economy is doing well, they tend to under perform. Also, two of Wal-Marts main product lines, apparel and food, are very slow growth sectors, and Wal-Marts dominating position in the industry may make investors believe there is little room for the company to grow. Wal-Marts image has been seriously threatened by the numerous accusations of being bad for the country (Two Public Relations 1). The documentary movies that are being produced could seriously hurt the companys sales, especially since they are being premiered right as the holiday shopping season is starting. The shopping experience some customers have at their store is also a threat to Wal-Mart. Customers are often complaining about the long checkout lines and the insufficient quality of the products that are offered. Once this idea is spread throughout a community, it is difficult to change the publics opinion. Also, RFID could possibly be a threat to Wal-Mart by ruining relationships with suppliers. This system promises to do a great deal for supply-chain management. However, there is always the possibility that technology promises more than it can actually offer. Some manufacturers of low-cost consumer products may not see the advantages of implementing such a system and not want to comply with Wal-Marts mandate for the new system. Recommendations Wal-Mart has been extremely successful in the past, and has a very promising future ahead of them. Unfortunately, there is always a negative side to success. For Wal-Mart, they are faced with opposition from people who are concerned with the little guy. The fact that Wal-Mart has the ability and resources to be such a major competitor in the retail industry scares some people. Small stores in small communities, as well as employees, target Wal-Mart because they know it is a large company with the resources to defend itself. In order to improve its image in the eyes of these people, Wal-Mart may want to address these issues head on. Wal-Mart has already taken giant strides to be seen as a more environmentally friendly organization, as well as to increase the benefits of its employees. They should continue this approach, possibly even more publicly than other retailers in the industry. Wal-Mart could even start a campaign to help the little guy. Since they have such a global impact, any issue they raise will undeniably get a great deal of attention. In a campaign of this sort, Wal-Mart could focus on promoting the  other small specialty stores in their community. They could help advertise for local shops that do not sell competing products, but complimentary ones. Instead of taking sales away from themselves, Wal-Mart could change their image to one of a company that cares about the community. Along with this, Wal-Mart should focus on their employees. Publicly giving employee benefits or rewards will increase morale as well as their image. Once Wal-Mart has invested in their image in their home country, they should also focus on increasing their market share in the international markets that they are not already involved in. Some other countries hold the greatest growth potential and these areas should be seriously considered by Wal-Mart. References Cramer, James J. Wal-Mart, Fess Up to Weakness Within. Wake-Up Wal-Mart.com,17 August 2005. 18 November 2005. Retrieved from . Kalra, Ritu. Wal-Mart Storm Swirling. The Hartford Courant. 2 November 2005. 3 November 2005. Retrieved from . Lindeman, Teresa F. Two Public Relations Campaigns pit Wal-Mart Against Critics. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. 1 November 2005. 3 November 2005. Retrieved from . McClenahen, John S. Wal-Marts Big Gamble. www.industryweek.com. April 2005. 3 November 2005. Retrieved from New Competitors Move on Supers. MMR. 22(10) p.162. 10 June 2005. 3 November 2005. Retrieved from . SWOT Analysis Wal-Mart. Marketing Teacher. 18 November 2005. Retrieved from . The Story of Wal-Mart. The Cultural Marketplace The NUR Network. 3 November 2005. Retrieved from . Variety Stores. Encyclopedia of American Industries Online Edition. Gale, 2004. 3 November 2005. Retrieved from . Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. Company Profile. www.Datamonitor.com. April 2005. 3 November 2005. Retrieved from .

Logical Fallacies Summary and Application Essay -- English Writing Fal

Logical Fallacies Summary and Application What do you see when you look at Begging the Question, Hasty Generalization, and Appealing to Emotion? When you initially look at these three categories they may not seem to have too much in common. However, when you look deeper you will see that in fact, they are all different types of logical fallacies. Logical fallacies are errors of reasoning, errors that may be recognized and corrected by prudent thinkers (Downes, 1995). The following quote helps explain why logic is important to us in today’s society. â€Å"Logic is not everything. But it is something—something which can be taught, something which can be learned, something which can help us in some degree to think more sensibly about the dangerous world in which we live (Fischer, 1970, p. 306).† Begging the Question is a type of fallacy that is used quite a bit. It is considered to be a fallacy of assuming when trying to prove something. One of the main things to remember with the use of this fallacy is that the term â€Å"Begging the Question† has a very specific meaning. This means that if someone was trying to prove something to us but they are not being specific and leave room for there to be more questions asked then there is a good chance this is an example of a begging the question fallacy. According to Whitman, "The fact that we believe pornography should be legal means that it is a valid form of free expression. And since it's free expression, it shouldn't be banned (Whitman, 2001)" is an example of begging the question. When you are confronted with something that could be a question of Begging the Question you need to think it through and see if what you are seeing or hearing is actually true. Or if it is just an interpretation of what the artist, speaker, or author wants you to believe when exposed to the form of media. An example of Begging the Question is an ad where there are a lot of arms with fingers pointing to a bottle of Pepcid Complete and the arms are clothed in what appears to be medical jackets. Under the picture are the words â€Å"Pepcid’s the #1 choice of pharmacists. Get the point?† This ad is implying that we get the point that Pepcid is the #1 choice of pharmacists because there are a bunch of pharmacists pointing at it. However, another bigger question could be are these people really pharmacists or just a bunch of models since a... ...the first line on the form is â€Å"Yes, my heart is broken by the needs of a child.† This ad is implying that if you do not send money to help these children not only will your heart be broken but also these children will die. As you can see logical fallacies are all around us. They are in most advertisements that you pick up, in most debates you hear, in many political arenas. Fallacies are not something that will just go away. However, if you know that they exist perhaps you can be wiser than the advertisers and not fall into their marketing traps. Just think before you act – and that is advice you can always use! References Downes, S. (1995). Stephen's Guide to the Logical Fallacies. Retrieved January 19, 2005, from http://www.datanation.com/fallacies/ Fischer, D. H. (1970). Historians' Fallacies: Toward a Logic of Historical Thought. : Harper & Row. Labossiere, M. C. (1995). Fallacy Tutorial Pro 3.0. Retrieved January 21, 2005, from http://www.nizkor.org/features/fallacies/ Whitman, G. (2001). Logical Fallacies and the Art of Debate. Retrieved January 20, 2005, from http://www.csun.edu/~dgw61315/fallacies.html#Committing%20your%20very%20own%20logical%20fallacies

Performance of Cardboard Carton Forms

PERFORMANCE OF CARDBOARD CARTON FORMS Abstract: Cardboard carton forms (void boxes) are commonly used to form the void space between the bottom of grade beams and slabs over expansive soils. However, other than laboratory compression tests and 100% humidity tests, there is little documentation for the actual performance of these boxes in place. This paper summarizes field tests done in an attempt to simulate actual conditions to answer the following questions: †¢ Do the boxes deteriorate at an acceptable rate? Does the wax coating or impregnation and a polyethylene vapor barrier affect deterioration? †¢ Will the boxes fail under heave conditions? Are trapezoidal boxes appropriate and do they perform in an acceptable manner? †¢ Which type of boxes are appropriate in each situation? †¢ What are some of the construction considerations necessary to insure proper function of the boxes? Two configurations of boxes were used: Vertical Cell and Diagonal Type II. Initial T est 1 procedure: It was initially decided to pour a test slab over 4 sets of void boxes.Each box was 4 ft x 4ft x 8 in deep. Concrete was poured on top and all around each box to simulate actual conditions. Four 1 ft x 1 ft steel forms were placed on top of each box for the purpose of loading each box at different intervals to determine if they had deteriorated. All boxes for the first test were vertical cell. Each box was placed with different conditions: †¢ Void box with no poly anywhere †¢ Void box with poly wrapped all around †¢ Void box with poly on top only †¢ Void box with poly on bottom only Test set up with boxes and loading pads Placing concrete over boxes.The procedure was to pour the concrete and test the capacity of the boxes once a week to determine the rate of deterioration. Description of results: †¢ Week 1: Each box was loaded with 200 psf and no deflection was observed †¢ Week 2: Each box was loaded with 400 psf with no deflection â₠¬ ¢ Week 3: Each box was loaded with 400 psf with no deflection. The box with poly on bottom was flooded with water to accelerate deterioration †¢ Week 4: Each box was loaded with 400 psf. The box that had been flooded with water had 3/8† deflection.All the other boxes had no deflection †¢ Week 5: The test pad on the boxes with no poly and the one with poly on bottom were removed to view the boxes. It was discovered that the top of the cardboard had stuck to the concrete causing the cardboard to span across the opening thus giving erroneous information. Both of the boxes appeared to have significant strength but were destroyed in the removal process and could not be tested. †¢ Week 6: The two remaining boxes, the one with poly all around and the one with poly on top had the concrete removed to expose the boxes.The boxes were tested with over 400 psf and still had plenty of capacity with little deterioration. The box with poly wrapped all around had a little wate r in the box, maybe a cupful, but this did not deteriorate the box. The source of the water is unknown, possibly from when the adjacent box was flooded with water. III. Test 2 Procedure: 1. Two vertical cell boxes with no wax were buried in sand and uncovered after one week to view the rate of deterioration: The boxes and loaded with a 50 pound weight and they immediately. 2.A Vertical Cells beam box with wax and a Diagonal Type Beam Box with wax were buried in sand for one week. The buried boxes were tested by standing on them, there was nominal deflection which indicates the wax has a definite impact on the deterioration rate. 3. Two vertical boxes with wax were buried in sand for three weeks. One was completely covered in poly and the other had no poly. Both boxes showed no appreciable deterioration after three weeks. Since the boxes with no wax failed after one week under the same conditions, it is assumed that the wax and the poly significantly slow deterioration.IV. Test 3 Pr ocedure: Two boxes, one diagonal type box and one vertical cells were wrapped in poly with a cup of water added to simulate a 100% humidity condition. The next day, the vertical box collapsed immediately. The Diagonal box did not collapse Two boxes with no wax were buried in sand Box after one week sitting 50 pound block in middle except on the sides. A box with a capacity of only 200 psf was tested and failed with normal construction loads and therefore, considered not acceptable. V. Summary of Observations From Tests 1-3: 1. Testing the boxes from the top gives unsatisfactory results. . The bottom of the boxes deteriorate first and destroys the glue between the verticals and the bottom on the Vertical boxes. 3. Covering the bottom of the boxes with poly (the top of the sub-grade) slows down or stops the deterioration of the boxes. 4. There is not enough moisture coming out of the slab to deteriorate the boxes. 5. The Diagonal boxes are very weak on the sides and very strong in the middle. 6. The Diagonal boxes deteriorate slower because of the wax impregnation. 7. Boxes with no wax seem to deteriorate at an acceptable rate. 8.Covering the entire box with poly stopped any deterioration. VI. Initial Conclusions: 1. Boxes should be tested from the bottom, not the top. Since expansive soil heaves, the boxes should be tested from the bottom. The initial deterioration is on the bottom and therefore, the box is weaker when loaded from the bottom. 2. Boxes under the slab should be constructed with no wax if possible. 3. Diagonal Type boxes which are wax impregnated and have strong vertical and diagonal members deteriorate much slower and they possibly stay too strong under slabs. . New tests were devised using waterbeds to load the void boxes from the bottom. Refer to the description of waterbed tests. VII. Test 4: Water Bed Test It was determined by the initial testing procedure that the void boxes need to be tested in place from the bottom. A 25 ft x 37 ft test sl ab was built with one of the purposes to test the void boxes and another purpose was to test analytical methods of designing flat slabs for houses. Five waterbeds were placed below the sub-grade under the void boxes. One was queen size and four were twin size.Three of the waterbeds had Vertical Boxes with no wax on top of them, one had fully waxed Vertical beam boxes and one had a Diagonal slab box. The purpose of using the waterbeds was an attempt to simulate actual heaving of soil and to test an in place situation on an actual project. The waterbed was buried in the subgrade while constructing the slab. After a period of time, the waterbeds were filled to see if the void boxes collapse or if pressure is exerted on the slab indicating full capacity boxes without deterioration. Steel rods were welded to plates which rested on top of the sub-grade above the waterbed.This rod was sleeved through the slab with pvc pipe. The purpose of these indicator rods was that when the waterbed fil led up, if the top of the rod raised up also, the void boxes collapsed. VIII. Results The Water Bed Test: Three weeks after the slab was poured, the waterbeds were filled. All five waterbed indicators rose quickly and to a maximum height of 7 inches. The void boxes were 8 inches deep at these points, therefore, the boxes were fully collapsed. No deflection or distress was observed in the slab therefore, the test was successful. Three of the test were done with a subgrade that had ? nch rain on it the night before placing the concrete. The waxed boxes were placed in a very dry, sandy subgrade in over 100 degree weather, trying to simulate the driest of conditions. Observation holes which were 4 inch in diameter were located to monitor the deterioration of the void boxes. It was observed that for approximately two weeks after the slab was poured, the humidity was very high in the void space with a great deal of heat generated. Slab indicators showing the â€Å"heaving† of the s oil and therefore the failure of the boxes IX. Conclusions From Water Bed Tests: 1.After three weeks all boxes had lost enough strength to protect the slab from pressure. 2. After three weeks, even boxes which are waxed will fail adequately. All boxes tested were of the vertical cell type. 3. This test was very successful and the use of waterbeds is an excellent method to test void boxes. X. Test 5: Effect of Integral Retainers and Earth Forming: As published in the Fall, 1997 Proceedings of the Texas Section of The American Society of Civil Engineers, Mr. Robert Davis, P. E. tested trapezoidal void boxes to determine if they fail under construction loads.His conclusion was that trapezoidal boxes of the diagonal type fail when used under a grade beam. We have also seen this in the field and agree with the findings. However, some engineers still use the integral concrete retainers. This test was to determine if earth formed grade beams with trapezoidal boxes and the integral concrete retainers are appropriate. A testing apparatus was constructed to test different box and retainer configurations. The test was constructed to push up from the bottom with highly expansive fat clays below the simulated grade beam.Hydraulic jacks were used under the expansive soil to simulate the heaving of expansive soil. A weight equivalent to 200 psf was applied to the grade beam. The friction of the soil plus the bearing on the end of the concrete retainer caused the box to freely move upward. XI. Project Experience-Performance of Boxes under Grade Beams About the time of our tests, a construction project was completed using diagonal type beam boxes under formed concrete beams. Approximately 1000 feet of grade beams were set up in dry weather and normal conditions. The concrete was placed at inch slump and vibrated. After the forms were removed, it was discovered that approximately 20 percent of the void boxes failed. The contractor was instructed to chip off all excess concrete that invaded the void space which took approximately three days to accomplish. The next 1000 feet of grade beams were set up using vertical cell boxes under the same conditions with the same contractor. No boxes failed on this second pour. View of failed boxes XII. Suggested Procedure for Filling Gaps The weakest point of failure for void boxes is on the ends and especially at the intersection with piers.After experimenting with several methods, I have found that common expandable foam as found in hardware stores works excellent in filling gaps and providing a tight form during construction. I recommend all gaps and holes between boxes and at the intersection with piers be filled with this foam. The cost is nominal for a typical project. Expandable Foam used to fill gaps XIII. Final Conclusions and Recommendations 1. All boxes must have moisture in order to deteriorate properly. Therefore, the boxes should not be completely wrapped in poly which is a common practice of contractors. . The moisture from the subgrade plus the hydration of the concrete appear to provide adequate deterioration of the boxes. The void boxes appear to fail from the bottom to the top. 3. A moisture barrier (polyethylene) should not be used below the boxes because it does not allow deterioration from the subgrade below. 4. A moisture barrier (poly) on top of the boxes may affect the hydration of the concrete and therefore the humidity in the void space. This barrier also increases the probability of excessive shrinkage cracks and therefore should not be used for that reason.The question of if this barrier is necessary to prevent moisture migration through the slab and thus affect any floor covering is not a subject of this paper. However, this author has not encountered this problem and therefore, does not recommend placing a vapor barrier on top of the boxes. 5. A layer of ? inch thick masonite should be used on top of all boxes under a slab area. This distributes the concentrated load s due to the rebar bolsters and construction loads. It is our experience that the cardboard cover sheets supplied by the box manufacturers are not adequate for the construction loads.Masonite of less thickness will curl and is not recommended. Plywood or OSB board is not recommended because of termites. 6. Trapezoidal boxes should not be used because the concrete retainers transfer forces from the expanding soil to the concrete beam above. There is also evidence that these boxes fail during construction if they are of the diagonal cell configuration. 7. Expandable foam should be used to fill all gaps between boxes and at pier locations. REFERENCE: www. foundationperformance. org AUTHOR NAME _ DAVID K. ISBELL, P. E.