Through the careful reading of American Colonies Essay -- Literary Ana

Through the careful reading of Ameri screw Colonies, written by Alan Taylor, it is clear that there are vast differences as well as a number of similarities between the European competitors as they began to colonize the Americas but diversity can also be found within the colonies they would create. American Colonies shows a dummy up relationship between climate, the state of the economy, and the development of slavery. The varying climate within the Americas proved to be possessed of an enormous impact on the source of revenue a colony would rely on to support its economy and this choice of trade would then quickly affect the need for slaves or lack thereof. It is helpful to have an understanding of the variation of the climate within the colonies since it greatly influenced the development of the economy and, eventually, slavery. The climate of the fatherland of each of the European competitors is also important to the way in which they settled the colonies as well as what they would appreciate when they began in their production or trade. The Chesapeake was fortunate to have rich soil that was ready to be farmed as well as a long growing season. However, they also suffered from hot and humid temperatures that often triggered diseases such as malaria. The colonists of New England found a oft colder and less plentiful environment but it did create a much healthier setting for colonial life. The land of New England was similar to England, full of hills and intemperate forests, stony soil, and a short growing season (159). New France had harsh, long winters and a short growing season. They continued to be an expense to France since they were unable to suffer many demanded goods for their homeland. New Netherlands climate was more fertile and temperat... ...ome treating them better then others, and some having more or less slaves than others, they still accepted the judgement that they were in fact superior, as a result of their common European origins.Th e climate of the colonies clearly affected the production and trade of goods, while the climate of their homeland affected the colonists knowledge and survival rate. What the colonists were able to produce created their economy, affected the economy of their mother country, and impacted their development of slavery as well. As we have seen differences can be found not only between the European competitors and the colonies they would create but also between the British American colonies as well. When taking a closer look at American Colonies, their differences are able to stand out and help one further understand their development and their effect on their progress.

Essay --

INCREASED FLEXIBILITYAccording to Forbes (2013) home-based work accounts for savings of much than $10,000 per employee per year...With the introduction of new technology (ICT), Tescos office staff can now work from home, and communicate using laptops, tablets and smartphones. This is a get for Tesco because they will save bullion on reducing the number of office facilities - less office ara is filmed as people are working from home. In addition, another benefit is that the homeworkers and people who are working in the office can use the same software to carry out their tasks, and save them on the Cloud storage. This reduces the need for buying expensive hard drives and memory sticks.Also, flexible working practices (homeworking) can increase employees motivation because they feel valued. Therefore, the work will be of higher tincture (more professional) and higher quantity (more tasks completed). Improved communication and communication cost reductionICT allowed Tesco to use e-mails and video-conferencing to improve the communication systems.E-mail is a very good dash of communicating (especially when people are working from home), and it enables Tesco staff toexperience fast and instant communication with other Tesco staff in the world, save money on sending mails (paper, envelopes and stamps are not needed),sent e-mails to many people at one time, andsend documents as attachments (meeting documents, decisions, budgets).Video-conferencing is providing Tesco with the opportunity to hold international meetings without the need to pass away (less working time is lost, and money is saved on transport and accommodation).Access to the vast amount of dataBy using ICT, Tesco can access the net income to find ... ...ted because the cheap products (Tesco own brand products) are not on sale. Therefore, some profits will be lost as less products are sold and brand image will be damaged as the customers are dissatisfied.ConclusionAs the presentation outlined, there are 5 substantive advantages and 5 significant disadvantages for Tesco of using ICT. All of them are very important for Tesco to consider, because they can make the difference in terms of efficiency, flexibility, profitability and productivity. The advantages of ICT can be described as great sources of success, whereas the disadvantages can be explained as the factors that stops and slows Tesco from achieving the success. Therefore, it is very important for Tesco to monitor the progress met towards finding the best way of overcoming the disadvantages, and fail more competitive and more successful in the market.

Drawing and Painting Media :: Art

Drawing and Painting MediaPencils Are Ace-Pencils are classified by their hardness (H) and Blackness (B) andrange from 9H to 9B.An HB pencil is in the kernel as its both hard and black, and is goodfor general sketching.A harder pencil (like a 2H) is better for precise, technical drawingsas it wont daub so easily.1) Pencils are made from a mixture of graphite (a form of carbon) and clay.2) Coloured pencils come in a range of colours and a material body of hardnesses. The softer ones are best for laying even, flat colour and are less likely to break.Inks, Paints, Pastels, Dry-transfer Lettering Also Ace-1) Inks are pigments suspended in piddle or solvent. Theyre good for colour infilling, background washes and writing.2) Gouache is a type of opaque paint, which is ideal for producing flat areas of colour, or highlights on renderings (e.g. coats of plaster, mortar, etc.).3) Pastels come in both varieties oil and chalk. Chalk pastel is particularly good for producing backgrounds on renderings, or adding tone and shading. Its easily blended using your fingers or cotton wool.4) Dry-Transfer earn is applied with pressure from a waxed translucent sheet onto drawings or prototype models. It comes in various typefaces, sizes, styles and colours.Airbrushes B pocket-size A Mist Of Ink-1) Airbrushes corrupt a fine mist of ink from a reservoir onto an image area, using compressed air from a compressor or a power look at (can of compressed air).2) Its a time-consuming medium you have to mask all the areas you dont want to airbrush using a low tack clear film and a craft knife. Plus you need loads of practice to do it well.3) You can get really great photo-realistic results, if you lie with what youre doing. There are excellent examples of airbrushing on various record/CD sleeves, posters and adverts.4) Airbrushing effects can also be achieved with some computer packages, e.g. adobe Photoshop.Felt Pens And Markers Water-Based Or Spirit-Based-Water-based pens arent suitable for large areas because they dryquickly and leave streaks.1) Fine-liners come in a variety of thicknesses and colours. Theyre great for outlining drawings.

Muhammad Ali - Cassius Clay :: essays research papers

I consider a hero someone that has through with(p) great things. Some of the things that I consider great are, unadulterated hard goals, stood up for their own rights, done things that would be hard for me to do, and done things that are extraordinary. Muhammad Ali-Cassius Clay is someone that fills my standards of a hero. Muhammad Ali has accomplished hard goals by getting medals in the Olympics. Muhammad Ali had to stand up for his rights when he started to box. He has accomplished things in his life that would be very hard for me to accomplish. Muhammad Ali has done things that I think are very magnificent. The thing Muhammad Ali has done makes him a hero to me. At first Muhammad Ali had no intension of boxing. After his bike was stolen, in the month of October 1954, when he was twelve, his whole life destiny changed in an instant. Upon finding out that there was a police officer in the basement of a gym, Ali went down in a horrendous state of mind exclaiming a state wide bike hunt (http//www.planetpapers.com/jump.cgi?ID=182.html), and said he was liberation to beat up the person that sole his bike.The way his life changed was that the police officer asked him if he knew how to fight and he said no. The policeman offered Ali lessons in how to box so that he could seek on the bike thief. This was the starting point in Muhammad Alis boxing career. In the late fifties, Cassius Clay rules well-disposed Gloves And the AAU national champion. A quick fight at the Rome Olympics in 1960, Cassius Clay a teenager knocks beats a Polish fighter by the name of Zbigniew Pietrzykowski to a bloody pulp. Muhammad Ali took home the gold. In 1962 Muhammad Ali states that he will knock out Archie More in the forth round. His prediction came true. In 1964, Muhammad Ali became valet heavy weight champing by beating Sonny Listen. Although he did not knock him out, Sonny would not enter the seventh round making Muhammad Ali domain champion. After knocking out Zora Folley, he did not fight for three and a half years. During this time he was standing up for his rights during the Vietnam War. He said, I have no Quarrel with Viet Cong (www.usatoday.com). He did not want to fight because the more troops we sent in, the more we lost.

A General Model of Publication :: Publication Process Media SGML Essays

A General Model of PublicationAlthough the medium and the material may differ vastly, es displaceially the same common process is always involved in payoff (Fig. 1). For on-line publications this model makes it realistic to automate many of the locomote involved (see module on Automated document processing). Figure 1. A model for the publication process. The same general pattern of steps occurs whatever the publication and whatever the type of material involved. This model encompasses all the stages described earlier, but in a somewhat more formalized form. We can summarize the steps as follows Submission The author submits material to the editor. Acquisition The publisher acquires material. Here we take this to include permissions. Details of the submission are recorded and an acknowledgment is sent to the author. Quality assurance The material is checked. Errors are referred back to the author for correction. Production The material is prepared for publication. This stage inc ludes copy-editing, design, typesetting, printing and binding. Proofs are checked both by the author and editor and any typesetting errors are corrected. For books, an ISBN number is obtained. Distribution The publication is shipped to stores etc for sale. It is publicized so that people know that it is available. The Internet offers advantages for publications of all-kinds. These include P here and now world-wide availability Ppublication features of the World-Wide Web Peliminating distribution costs Preducing production costs - no need to print unsaid copy Ppotential world-wide audience and Pniche/special interest publishing becomes viable. The World Wide Web expands the traditional notion of a publication in several(prenominal) ways Pit is possible to include multimedia elements Pit is possible to include hyperlinks to information anywhere Pit is possible to draw together information from many different sources Phypermedia books are not limited to the traditional linear structur e of printed books. They can, for instance, provide several alternative paths through a set of documents, or allow readers to pursue material to whatever depth they wish and Pit diminishes the distinction between tradtitional text-oriented publications and other products, such as databases and on-line software.Legal issuesLegal issues abound in the publishing business. Although legal issues are not dealt with in detail here the editor should make every effort to keep up to date with issues and changes. Each publication should be carefully checked to ensure that legal risks are minimized. somewhat of the legal matters involved in publishing include PContracts Publishers always need to ensure the legal status of material that they publish.

The Horrors of Animal Euthanasia Essay -- Euthanasia Physician Assiste

The Horrors of Animal Euthanasia Due to the domestication of cats and dogs their populations have skyrocketed. This is due in part to the lack of pet owners acting in aresponsible manner. These responsibilities include the spaying and neutering of pets. These numbers of homeless animals in communities have caused humane societies to euthanize too many animals. This, I feel is a rapine to animal rights and is a cruel way for these animals to have to leave this world. I disagree with the activists who believe that the way to keep animal populations down is to euthanize these poor animals. nada good could come from the slaughtering of these animals. Fostering large numbers of animals in communities is an overwhelming task, but there are many solutions to this problem. The euthanizing of animals is wrong and all shelters should switch to a no-kill policy. There are too many animals in the shelters. Animal control officers are forced to put these animals to sleep that could have m ade loving and quick pets. ( Open Your Hearts Mission, p.1 ). Last year at the Vanderburgh Humane Society 2022 unwanted cats and dogs were put to death. These animals were taken to the E-room in the back where they were injected with a syringe of cool-blue politic death. After a few seconds the animal fell limp and eventually its heart stopped. Employees at the humane society have the task of deciding which of these animals should be euthanized. This is not something they enjoy and take pride in doing. Usually after a few days the animals which have not been adopted will be euthanized. The ones that are sick or hurt are the first ones to go. The events that take place in the process of the euthanization of... ...http//www.npsc.nbs.gov/resource/othrdata/crp/crp.htm Executive Summary. (1997). Fish and Wildlife Service Internet. http//www.fws.gov/r9mbmo/issues/arcgoose/parti/execsum.html The puss Crisis. (1997). The Goose Crisis Internet. httpwww.und.nodak.edu/org/ndwild/sgc risis2.html Kantrud, Harold A., Rolf R. Koford, Douglas H. Johnson, and Michael D. Schwartz. (1993). The Conservation Reserve Program Internet. http//www.npsc.nbs.gov/resource/othrdata/crp/crp.htm Mountain Lion. (1997). Kidsfarm Internet. http//www.kidsfarm.com/lions.htm Too Much of a Good Thing. (1997). Internet. http//udwild.psych.und.nodak.edu/HTMLPages/goosecrisis.html Trophy Hunting of Mountain Lions A bill of Deception. (1995). California Mountain Lion Internet. http//www.sierraclulb.org/chapters/ca/mountain-lion/history.html

Project Feasibility Study

BREAKFAST Brunch Egg Breakfast Recipe Ingredients 6 bollocks, b feeden 6 slices bacon, cooked and crumbled 2 instills unseasoned croutons 1 1/2 cup shredded cheddar cheeseflower 2 1/2 cups milk 1/2 teaspoonful mustard 1/8 teaspoon onion powder 1/2 teaspoon saltiness 1 dash spice Directions 1. Place croutons and cheese in the bottom of a greased 913 pan. 2. Combine eggs, milk and seasonings pour into baking dish. 3. Sprinkle with bacon. 4. Bake at 325 until set (55-65 min). aid immediately. BEEF TAPA AND LONGGANISA Ingredients Skinless Longanisa/ Longanisa Nuggets 350g ground pork tbsp soja sauce 1/2 tsp salt 5 cloves garlic, smashed and minced 1 tbsp vinegar 1 tbsp Mirin (sweet sieve wine) (optional, or Worshteshire sauce) 1 tsp ground pepper 2 tbsp scratch line turn 1. Mix all ingredients 2. Scoop a mixture using a tbsp, stick it into the wax paper/cling wrap and roll the wrap and shape it like a sausage balloon, mini sausage. The wrap will serve as a the longanisa cover and to separate one from the other, and it should be removed before frying. OR if you want to eat it immediately, scoop a mixture, shaped it like a sausage or any shape you want, indeed fry them. . Store longanisa in the freezer (2 to 3 days), when you want to eat them, b anele a little water supply (4 tbsp) and put your longanisa (unwrapped) , cover it for 5 mins, remove longanisa and fry them. serve with garlic-chili-vinegar. A little burnt on the outside wont hurt, its more yummy.. LUNCH CHICKEN DRUMMETS Ingredients 10 pieces chicken drumsticks 1/2 cup garlic ranch dressing 1 1/4 cups breadcrumbs 1 (8-gram) pack Maggi put-on Sarap All-in-One Seasoning Procedure 1 Toss and coat drumsticks with garlic ranch dressing. Chill in the refrigerator for 30 proceeding. In a large bowl, mix in concert breadcrumbs with Maggi Magic Sarap All-in-One Seasoning. Roll each drumstick in breadcrumb-seasoning mixture until well-coated. 3 Deep-fry drumsticks in hot oil until golden and cooked thr ough. Coco nutty Shrimps Ingredients 1/4 kilo large shrimps (about 2 dozens) 1/2 cup dessicated coconut 3/4 cup garlic peanuts 1/3 cup flour 1 egg, lightnessly beaten 1 tablespoonful lime juice salt and pepper to taste lime w metes for squeezing Procedure 1 Devein and peel shrimps sledding tail intact. 2 Pat dry shrimps using a napkin. Transfer to a plate. Lightly sprinkle with salt and pepper. Using a food carry outor, process together coconut and peanuts until finely chopped. 4 Place flour in a bowl and season with salt and pepper. In another bowl, combine egg and lime juice. In a third bowl, place processed coconut and peanuts. 5 Dip shrimps one at a time first in flour mixture, second in egg and lime mixture, then in coconut-peanut mixture. 6 Deep-fry in hot oil until golden about 3 minutes. Serve with lime wedges. DINNER Ingredients 3 lb whole chicken legs drumsticks and thighs 3/4 cup distilled white vinegar 2 garlic cloves blue 1 bay leaf 1/4 teaspoon ground black peppe r 6 tablespoons soy sauceProcedure In a large steam boiler combine the chicken, the vinegar, the garlic, the bay leaf, the pepper and 1/2 cup water. Bring the mixture to a boil and simmer it, covered, for 20 minutes. Add the soy sauce and simmer the mixture, covered, for 20 minutes. Transfer the chicken with tongs to an oven-proof platter and lock in the outer skin. Place platter in oven and grill both sides for about 15 minutes until browned. Strain the broth through a sieve, return it to the kettle and boil for 10 minutes or until it is reduced to about 1/2 cup involve chicken from the oven, pour the sauce over it and serve with rice.Bistek Filipino Style Beef Steak Ingredients________________________________________ 400grams of boeuf fillet, thinly sliced 75ml light soy sauce 75ml dark soy saucet 250ml water juice of 1 lemon 2 tablespoons of vegetable oil 1 large onion, sliced in go How to ca-ca it ________________________________________ In a pan add the beef, along with t he soy sauces, water and lemon juice. Bring to the boil and let it simmer for about 10-15 mins until the beef is tender. Taste the sauce. If its too sour, add more soy sauce or if too salty, add more lemon juice.It should be a balance of acidulousness and saltiness. Once tender, remove the liquid to a bowl and leave excursus. Let any remaining liquid in the pan evaporate off then add the oil. Gently fry the beef for a couple of minutes then add the onions. Cook till the onions are translucent and still allow a little crunch. Add back the liquid and let simmer for another 2 minutes. Serve with steam rice. DESSERT Creme Brulee You can prepare and eat this as is, or make it a touch more interesting with fruits and chopped chocolates. Makes 6 to 8 cups Prep and Cooking Time 45 minutes 2 cups cream vanilla bean, split lengthwise 6 egg yolks 1/4 cup white sugar 1/4 cup confectioners or powdered sugar 1 Pre pepperiness oven to 160? C. 2 In a heavy saucepan, bring the cream to a boil tog ether with the vanilla bean. 3 In a large bowl, beat together egg yolks and sugar until pale yellow in color. 4 Set aside vanilla bean and pour the boiling cream to the yolk-sugar mixture. Mix well. 5 With the tip of a paring knife, scrape the insides of the vanilla bean. Add scrapings to the cream and discard the pod. 6 At this point, you can add fruits or chopped chocolate to each ramekin or oven-proof cup as desired.Fill the mold with the custard mixture until fractional a centimeter from the rim. 7 Line the bottom of a shallow baking tray (about 2 inches high) with a dishcloth. Place ramekins on the tray and fill the tray half(prenominal)way with water. 8 Bake in the oven for 15 to 20 minutes. Let cool, then chill in the refrigerator. 9 Before serving, dust the top with a thin level of icing sugar. Caramelize the sugar using a gas torch or an oven broiler until you achieve a crisp, dark brown coat. BAKED RECIPES Shrimp-Stuffed Zucchini Flowers (Fiori Di Zucca Ripieni cabbage Gamberi) Ingredients ounces (226 g) large shrimp, preferably wild, peeled and deveined 12 grape tomatoes, finely chopped 1 teaspoon chopped thyme 2 tablespoons (30 ml) extra-virgin olive oil Kosher salt and freshly ground black pepper 12 zucchini flowers, washed, and trimmed Bottom of Form Directions Position a rack in the center of the oven and heat the oven to 350F (180C). Finely chop the shrimp and then transfer to a forte bowl. Add the tomatoes, thyme, 1 tablespoon of the oil, and a pinch of salt and pepper mix well. Fill the zucchini flowers with 1 heaping tablespoon of the shrimp filling.Arrange on a small baking dish and then drizzle with the remaining oil and sprinkle with a pinch of salt. Bake in the oven until the flowers are lightly golden, and the shrimp is cooked through, 7 to 10 minutes. Remove from the oven. Rich Chocolate Cake with stimulating Dulce de Leche & Hazelnut Brittle o o1 cup freshly brewed hot coffee o1/2 cup Dutch-processed cocoa powder o3/4 cup packed light brown sugar o1/2 cup plain whole-milk yogurt o2 teaspoons vanilla extract o8 tablespoons (1 stick) untested butter, at room temperature o1 1/4 cups granulated sugar o1 1/4 cups all-purpose flour 3/4 teaspoon baking soda o1 teaspoon table salt o2 eggs oTOPPING o1 1/2 teaspoon kosher salt o1/2 cup dulce de leche oHAZELNUT BRITTLE (makes about 2 cups) o6 tablespoons (3/4 stick) unsalted butter o1/2 cup sugar o1 tablespoon light corn syrup o1/8 teaspoon baking soda o1/8 teaspoon table salt o1/2 cup whole unsalted hazelnuts, skins removed Directions Preheat the oven to 350F. Prepare a 10-inch round measure pan by greasing it with cooking spray and then lining the bottom with parchment paper. To make the cake, pour the hot coffee into a medium bowl and stir in the cocoa powder until it dissolves. flap in the brown sugar, followed by the yogurt and the vanilla. Stir thoroughly to ensure that all of the ingredients are incorporated. In the bowl of an electric mixer fitted with the p addle attachment, beat the butter and granulated sugar on medium speed until light-yellow and fluffy, about 3 minutes. Scrape down the sides of the bowl. Add the eggs and mix for 2 minutes, scraping down the bowl as needed. In a medium bowl, whisk together the flour, baking soda, and salt. With the mixer running on low speed, mix in a third of the flour mixture and half of the coffee mixture.Scrape down the bowl. Add another third of the flour mixture and all the remaining coffee mixture. Remove the bowl from the mixer and, using a rubber spatula, fold in the remaining flour mixture until all of the ingredients are fully incorporated. Pour the batter into the prepared cake pan. Bake for 25 minutes. Rotate the pan in the oven and bake for 20 more minutes, or until a cake tester inserted in the center of the cake comes out clean. Remove the pan from the oven and let the cake cool in the pan for 20 minutes.Then turn the cake out onto a clean plate, remove the parchment, and turn the ca ke back over onto a wire rack. Let the cake cool completely. In a food processor, pulse the brittle pieces 3 to 4 clock until the brittle is powdery. Put the cooled cake on a serving dish. In a microwave-safe dish, heat the dulce de leche on high power for 30 seconds, or until it is estimable liquid. Spoon the dulce de leche over the cake, and then sprinkle the kosher salt over the dulce de leche. Sprinkle about ? cup of the ground brittle around the outer edge of the cake as a delicious decoration.

Alexander Shulgin

Ever sense my freshman year in high school, I remove always expressed extreme interest in biochemistry and pharmacology. I believe this is because in the past, I have been prescribed many different antidepressant and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder musics. I was always very curious as to how these psychoactive medications worked. I would look them up and read all ab verboten the different types of antidepressants and how they worked. From selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRls) to Norepinephrine- dopamine reuptake inhibitors (NDRls).My fascination with different medications and ow they worked brought me to many different famous biochemists and chemical engineers, further there was one man who always stood out to me. A rogue chemist, named Alexander Shulgin. Sasha, as his friends call him, is widely famous for his discovery of over 230 different psychedelic doses varying from the 2C family, DOX family, and various other phenethylamines & tryptamines. raze with s uch a gargantuan amount of accomplishments, Shulgin is most famous for rediscovering and resynthesizing methylenedioxymethamphetamine, or as it is most commonly recognized as, methylenedioxymethamphetamine.MDMA is a semi-synthetic drug first find some time before 1912. A german pharmaceutical company called Merck first discovered and patented this compound while searching for a medication that would stop bleeding. They never tested it orally, and therefore never found a real purpose for it. Decades later, on September 8, 1976, Sasha synthesized MDMA. Two years later, the first military personnel study was published by Sasha and another chemist by the name of Dave Nichols. They described the effects as an easily controlled altered state of consciousness with emotional and sensual overtones. When Sasha discovered its effects afterward ingestion, he introduced this compound to many psychiatrists, in order for them to allow patients to ingest a small dosage in order to help them spea k more freely. The psychiatrists were so impressed by the effects of using MDMA in psychotherapy that they would speak to other colleagues. battle cry spread very quickly, and many people were astounded by how well it worked. Many patients were reported to have said that one session with an administered dosage of MDMA felt like years of therapy.As word got out about a drug that gave you empathy and self-acceptance, use of MDMA slowly became more public. Companies were mass producing this substance and interchange it legally due to the fact that if users took a higher dosage, they would feel vast amounts of euphoria. As more reports of MDMA abuse were put in media, the DEA decided to document MDMA in the schedule one category. This reputes they had to prove that MDMA had a high potential for abuse while having no medicinal benefits.Many therapists challenged this idea, and after years of debate, MDMA was scheduled. I can only imagine how upset Shulgin could have been. He had foun d what was called penicillin for the soul. He had Just discovered a miracle drug capable of llowing a different outlook on life. It allowed patients to open up not only to others, but to themselves. He had heard so many reports from patients call out how this therapy nad changed their lives and allowed them to diagnose their issues and even solve them.It is commonly said that MDMA could still be legal to this day if it had not been for the rave movement and ignorance of others. Sasha has not been shy about letting others know that he is very upset with the outcome of such a powerful medication, and for good reason. He has worked with the Drug Enforcement ecesis many times and has eceived many awards for his work. In fact, in order to carry out consulting work with the DEA, Shulgin obtained a DEA Schedule I license for an analytical laboratory, which allowed him to ingest and synthesize any illicit drug.Sasha set up a chemical synthesis laboratory in a small building behind his h ouse, which he uses to synthesize and test the effects of psychoactive drugs to this day. His laboratory is littered with Jars and Jars of various compounds with their chemical structure drawn on them, which he calls his dirty pictures. Over the short letter of this time, he has written nd recorded the synthesis of these various compounds in two different books titled PIHKAL (Phenethylamines I shake up Known and Loved) and TIHKAL (Tryptamines I Have Known and Loved). He is working on his last book now.Even with his many accomplishments, Shulgin is in no way rich. His only source of income continues to be from the books he has published. He has never sold any of his substances or withheld information on how to synthesize certain compounds. His creations have only made their way to the streets through chemists in chinaware who read through his books and notes and create these compounds in their laboratories o then export to the United States in a completely legal manner, as these d rugs are nigh completely unheard of and unclassified.As Sasha gets older, he suffers from many different ailments, and has no way to pay for them except through donations, which he has only recently started to accept. He lives a quiet, modest life with his wife and he refuses to conduct any more interviews. I understand why many people con lieur drugs a forbidden subject. I am sure some people may even consider it inappropriate to discuss in a high school classroom, but l, Just like Alexander Shulgin and many others, find extreme interest in psychoactive ompounds and how they can affect our world.Without the study of the more extreme side effects of compounds, how we can expect to progress in our world of modern medicine? Just because a chemical can be abused, does not mean that we should probihibit not Just the possession of said compound, but also the study of it. We live in a world of fear and ignorance, and if we do not fght it, we depart never progress. If Sasha has taught m e anything, it is to fight for what I believe is morally correct, and I advise you all to do the same. Long live Alexander Shulgin and his dirty pictures.

Foreign Direct Investment Essay

There has been a rise tide of Foreign Direct enthronement (FDI) in the worlds economy. In the past decade businesses have become global due to the increased liberalization, changing capital markets and changing technology. With slack and effective communication systems investment of companies in impertinent countries has been made easy. Foreign direct investment benefits the two countries, the host and the company investing. A high ploughshare of investment made through FDI involves building and fixtures or machinery and equipment. (www. oecd. org) Growing trade has caused an increase in FDI.Globalization has resulted to broadened markets that call for increased intersection of goods and services to couple the demand. Production levels across the globe have as well as risen precipitating large corporations to invest in foreign countries. Corporations have the capital and resources to move their production bases to foreign countries. The service sector has as well expanded. Wi th technology advancement, skills and expertise have been developed. Corporations have adopted strategies that will increase active global investment and this is evident in the recent cross-border mergers.Strong corporate profitability has enabled corporates invests in the developing countries promoting FDI. Low interest rates and high real estate prices have as well led to the down the stairspinning of FDI. With the low US dollar value investors with other currencies gained the comparative advantage in investing in foreign countries. General macro sparing emersion in major economies has been reason behind increased FDI. (www. oecd. org) Countries prefer FDI as a strategy for entering foreign markets to exports and granting foreign entities the right to produce their products under license.Patent disclosure can supervene when a local firm is given the product under license. It could give important information about introduction and imitation could occur. The MNCs could lose th eir workers to imitation product companies. Through FDI, the MNCs can access larger market and can produce at rock-bottom costs. These will ensure that their profitability levels are higher. FDI provide grounds under which future trade barriers can be countered. Exportation is constrained by loony toons costs and trade barriers like tariffs and quotas.Licensing hinders the company from direct control and this creates loopholes that lead to reduced profitability. (Kreinin M. and Plummer M, 2002) Firms based in the same industry can undertake foreign direct investment at the same time when the local demand in the new neighborhood can support local supply. They can also locate such firms when there is price competition and cost pressure. more or less areas have a comparative advantage over others and this makes them more favorable. They could be invest with resources that the investors exploit using their technological and managerial capabilities.They reduce their costs as region al manufacturing plants serve regional markets. Political ideology influences government policy towards FDI. Some countries clear MNCs as tools of imperialist domination out to exploit their resources. MNCs exploits the developing countries and creates dependency in terms of jobs and technology. They contribute to their continued backwardness, as they do not give back valuable proceeds in return to the resources they exploit. Developing countries provide cheap labor and raw materials. Another view is the comparative advantage where countries benefit from FDI.This view is beneficial as host countries allow FDI and gain from it. They acquire products they do not produce and at reduce costs. In this view countries produce what they can at least cost. Governments can restrict or promote FDI. If a government protects its domestic industries producing the same output as a foreign corporation, FDI will be discouraged. (Anderson K. and Blackhurst R, 1993) Governments can make policies on the location of multinational corporations (MNCs) that are favorable and that would increase FDIS.They can also promote or put in place proper infrastructure like good transportation systems, education and transparency all of which works to advocate FDI. Peace and stability are very important factors in influencing FDI. Government must therefore ensure that they maintain law, and order political unrest deters FDI. Grants subsidies and impose concessions encourage inward FDI. There are economic and political agreements that favor regional economic integration like EU, NAFTA and MERCOSUR all of which have implications for business.stinting integration between nations could be though preferential trade area (PTA) where countries are offered tariff reduction and discrimination is reduced to member countries. Free trade area (FTA) could also be offered where countries eliminate tariffs between themselves but maintain their own external tariff on imports. Custom aggregates eliminate t ariffs between themselves but get up a common external tariff for instance the EU. Countries could also adopt a common market, economic union or monetary union level. (Kreinin M.and Plummer M, 2002) Economic arguments for economic integration. There is increased trade as countries produce what they have comparative advantage in. Foreign supply is reduced and trade diversity is promoted steer to economic growth. Member countries enjoy the economies of scale Political argument for economic integration is that it promotes peace and stability among member countries. Arguments against economic integration. Dumping of products can occur due to the eradication of barriers. Some countries tend to benefit more than others.Countries may feel as they are losing their sovereignty, which is their sense of pride. (Hoekman B. and Schiff M, 2002. ) The European Union is an economic union where member countries permit free movement of good, services and people and it uses a common currency it was initially known as the European Economic fraternity or common market. The North America Free Trade Agreement is a free trade agreement of Canada, US and Mexico. It eliminates barriers to trade and promotes fair competition and increased investment opportunities. MERCOSUR- comprises of Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay.It transformed from a custom union to a common market in 2006. The Asia pacific economic cooperation comprises 21 members. It was formed in 1989 through informal dialogue it promotes trade and investment and economic co-operation. The future of this great economic integration is promising. Businesses that are inherent in regional economic integration agreements will thrive if conditions in their regions are favorable. They will respond to the forces of demand and supply. Competition will be high and this will ensure that flavor products are produced.References Peter M. Suranovic. Trends and recent developments in FDI. Retrieved on 22nd January 2008 from http//w ww. oecd. org/dataoecd/62/43/38818788. pdf. Anderson K. and Blackhurst R. 1993. Regional Integration and the Global Trading System, London and New York, reaper Wheat sheafs. Hoekman B. and Schiff M. 2002. Benefiting from regional integration. In Hoekman B. , Mattoo A. & English P. Development, Trade, and the WTO A Handbook, Washington, DC. World Bank. Kreinin M. and Plummer M. 2002. Economic Integration and Development Has Regionalism Delivered for Developing Countries? Cheltenham, Edward Elgar.

The Mask in Lord of the Flies

Ralph demonstrates many different dimensions in his character in the first four chapters of Lord of the Flies, by William Golding. Ralph is portrayed as the novels protagonist but accidentally sways towards evil at some points in the novel. Golding describes him as the largest boy on the island, but has a mildness about his mouth that proclaims no devil (page 7). His size, behavior and use of the conch shell prove him to be the chosen leader of the group of boys on the island. He is the direct representation of order, leadership, civilization and innocence.Ralphs innocence is shown early on in the novel when he is unable to comprehend why the other boys chase their barbaric instincts and focus solely on killing the piglet, whereas he quite an work towards a common goal, and proceeds by organizing a signal fire to be made and building shelters. His innocence is also proved when he accidently spills Piggys nickname, which he was not to tell anyone. When Piggy gets upset over this, R alph apologizes and shrugs it off not knowing the damage he unintentionally caused Piggy.Ralph discovers a use for the conch shell he brings the boys together and discusses how they should proceed, with building shelters, a fire and hunting. Ralph takes into account the litluns fears of the beastie, by putting great importance on building shelters to result a sense of protection and home. As Oldsey and Weintraub state in The Art of William Golding, Ralph occupies himself doing what must be done rather than what one would rather do (page 22). Proving him to be the protagonist in The Lord of the Flies.

Near Failure at Nagasaki Essay

Mission was intentionned for August 11th but was changed to the 9th callable to baffling hold up Primary set was Kokura and Nagasaki was secondaryBomb to be dropped was called Fat Man, a plutonium bomb more than complex than the one dropped on Hiroshima 509th commander, Col. Paul W. Tibbets younger choose Maj. Charles W. Sweeney, commander of the 393rd Bomb Squadron to command the charge Six B-29s was sent to the missionSweeney and Bock switched air jut outes, with Sweeney flying Bockscar and Bock flying The Great Artiste Bockscar had problems with fuel on that point was 7,250 gallons of fuel aboard and only 600 gallons in reserve tank The assignation point for the mission was YakushimaThe air political platformes were supposed to meet at 30,000ft instead of 8,000 due to bad weather conditions. The B29, observation airplane, named Big Stink, piloted by opkinsHHopHopkins, was circling at 39,000ft instead 30,000 Sweeney was at the rendezvous point at Kokura for 45 second inst ead 15 min and made multiple bombing runs Hopkins broke radio silence, to avoid detection, and radioed back to base after non being able to rendezvous with SweeneyThe target was changed to Nagasaki due to complications at Kokura Beahan took the first clear sighting and confirmed the drop was possible The bomb was detonated at 1,890ft at 1102am over Urakami Valley, which was not the original target in Nagasaki About 40,000 people were killed, compared to 80, 000 at Hiroshima Issues1. Leadership And Discipline2. Time Management3. Respect And CooperationIssue 1Leadership And DisciplineIn sound out to run a successful mission the squad must utilization a hygienic leader. Discipline and well-defined leadership can make or break a project, mission or business. In such endeavors there is the requirement that all members follow the plan as it was discussed and to not make whatever changes on their own which would negatively affect the success of the mission. There were various instan ces in this mission where lack of authority and deviation from the original plan caused delays in the execution of the plan. Furthermore when other team members assumed similar authority as the team commander there were problems executing basic parts of the plan as well as failure to adjust properly.Proposed SolutionsPositivesNegativesTibbets should have settled Sweeneys authorityLess discord/questioning among team membersMay have taken more time to get mission together as there may have been objectionsChoose someone more qualified with fight and leadership experience to better execute the plan Someone, such as Ashworth, with prior experience would have more authority, be able to build strong team and made less mistakes Tibbets would have needed to take at least one other member on theHiroshima runAs team leader, enforce authorityThere would have been less discord and confusion as to what the commander wanted to do Some team members may not have liked the assertion of authorityChose n solutionTibbets should have assigned a more qualified commander to the team. The most eligible nominee would have been Ashworth. By having Ashworth, who had combat experience, take control over the mission there would have been less discord and better cooperation among the members of the team. Hopkins would have had more look on for Ashworth based primarily on seniority. The mission would have had fewer problems in execution if there were only one point of reference and decision-making.Backup planIn case Ashworth would not have worked out, Tibbets could have also implemented severe repercussions for any individuals failing to follow the plan and obey orders.Issue 2Time ManagementExecuting a plan, especially a time critical one, is essential for accomplishing that plan. No matter the mettle of the members, their accolades or accomplishments, failure to expect by the agreed upon plan and time limits can ultimately doom a well-planned mission to failure.Proposed SolutionsPositives Negatives Sweeney should have made the decision to inform the crew when he discovered the fuel problem The crew may have thought more highly of Sweeneys ability to lead. This would have also given them more time aloft There may have been more time spent refueling this delaying the mission even more.Sweeney should have left the original rendezvous point after 15 minutes The mission would have had more time to better plan for the drop on Nagasaki If everyone else decided to delay, Sweeney leaving former(a) may not have made a difference Make sure that ALL team members understood and agreed to follow a particular(prenominal) plan, with minimal room for adjustments Hopkins and Ashworth would not have any room to second-guess Sweeney and would have been held responsible for deviations in the plan. The proper method of communicationwould have to be chosen here in order to get the plan to execute smoothlyChosen solutionThe most important factor that could have ameliorate the outcome of the mission was having Sweeney leave the rendezvous point on time. If Sweeney had left he would have had more time and fuel to accomplish the Nagasaki mission, possibly resulting in a drop on the exact target that was originally planned for Nagasaki.Backup planIn case Sweeney was not able to leave on time, and then it should have been made clear that all directions in the mission should be followed as planned if the commander is unable to perform. In this case the mission should be abandoned if the strict time limits were not met. Additionally, they should not have armed the bomb until we were five minutes out from the drop location then giving the opportunity to abort and return with an unarmed bomb.Issue 3Respect And CooperationIdeally a commander or leader is assigned because of their prove ability to lead. They should not simply be appointed but should earn their qualifications. Tibbets chose Sweeney ahead of other, more worthy, candidates such as Ashworth and Hopkins. Howeve r we are sometimes placed in positions that we are not expecting yet we must be prepared to at least recognize the new opportunity.Proposed SolutionsPositivesNegativesSweeney should have discussed the mission with the team in more detail and asked for the cooperation. Sweeney would have had less friction with his team members and would have had better clarity for making decisions Ashworth and Hopkins may not have agreed to work under Sweeney in either caseA higher ranked team leader should have been chosenThere would be less disturbance or hierarchy and an overall less problematic mission. Team members may have felt that they were not trusted to execute the mission Sweeneys team should have consisted of all members below his rank There would have been less questioning of Sweeneys decisions The members may not have been as experienced as the crew which actually went on the missionChosen SolutionSweeney should have discussed the mission in more detail with the other members. He had various opportunities from the fueling concern to the early breakfast as well as his encounter with Hopkins before the flight. He should have exerted his command and asked for the overall teams cooperation in making the mission succeeds. If there was any one there who would not want to cooperate, or couldnt work as Sweeneys junior then they should have been replaced.Backup PlanIf Sweeney would not have been able to rally his team members around him then a different commander should have been chosen. Sweeney showed many an(prenominal) signs of not being confident in his command, or being too inclusive of other opinions. Someone who was more experienced and more capable of orchestrating the plan would have had less problems and a smoother mission.

The 10 commandments of employee discipline and dismissal

concluding year alone, hundreds of adverse rulings were slapped upon scores of companies, resulting to millions of liabilities. It is sad to note that many an(prenominal) employers today, either abetted by their HR and personnel managers, or against the professional advice of HR and lawyers, do not really adhere to the provisions of the Labor Code, on the rules of transaction with their own workers in the matter of discipline and dismissal. Despite all the seminars, workshops and symposia, that HR personnel attend regularly, guidance never seems to learn. The result could be very damaging, if not disastrous.An adverse decision by the NLRC and the Supreme Court entails not only an order to reinstate workers and pay them full backwages but also moral and typic damages. The greatest damage is upon the good name and corporate image and goodwill of the companies, or an irreparable damage on the harmonious relations between employees and guidance, resulting to declines in productivity , quality and profits. To help address this problem, this writer is now embarking on an advocacy through the PMAP, the official association of people managers in order to address this problem.Last week, I was in Baguio, then to Iligan. Today, I am in Davao then later this week, to Cagayan de Oro, in July in Tacloban, Bicol and Batangas. By August, I will conduct seminars in Cebu, Mandaue, and Mactan on the critical need to go back to the rule of law in leading and managing people. I have 10 commandments on employee discipline and dismissal. First, management should respect the workers rights in the exercise of the employers prerogatives to hire and fire people, to transfer, promote and demote. The Labor Code is explicit and unequivocal.The DOLE, NLRC and the Supreme Courts are strict and uncompromising. The second commandment is that management should adhere to the specific just causes for termination of employment, under(a) Article 282 of the Code, like serious misconduct, insubor dination, fraud, breach of trust, gross and habitual negligence and crimes. Third, employers should follow the authorized causes under Article 283, like redundancy and retrenchment, labor-saving devices and closures. Fourth, the strict rules on due process, under Article 277 (b) should never be compromised.Fifth, management should al airs bear in soul that, in illegal dismissal cases, it is the employers and not the complainants who have the burden of proof. Sixth, the proof must be enough to qualify, under the law, and controlling doctrine, as falling inside the quantum of substantial evidence. In Cebu alone, many firms failed to comply with these basic principles. The seventh commandment is that management should master the art and science of proper and adequate documentation, from hiring to retiring.Legal forms should be prepared following the intricate procedures and formalities. The advice of expert lawyers should be sought. Some lawyers may be excellent in criminal and civil laws but are utterly clueless in the practice of labor laws and labor relations. Any mistake could endanger the viability of the business and the career of CEOs and COOs and some HR executives. Commandment number 8 is the crucial choice of lawyers and consultants and the proper handling of labor cases before the Labor Arbiters and the NLRC, the appellate and the Supreme Court.The ninth commandment is knowing how to respond to summons, adverse decisions, writs of executions and separate legal processes. Out of sheer lack of knowledge or worse, lack of respect for law and fundamental workers rights, many monumental mistakes had been committed. The tenth is for management to proactively require their executives, managers and HR staff how to avoid and prevent cases to be filed against the company. A small investment in these forward-looking, developmental and empowering seminars can go a long way in saving the business from the adverse effects of unfavorable court rulings.

Accy

Discussion Question Set 1 iPhone at apple (25 points) Lenny Allegretti 1. Which write up manner best reflects the economic reality? Put a nonher way, which be numbers the generally accepted accounting principles or non-GAAP numbers best reflects economic reality? 10 points Economic reality can be defined as the everyplaceall outlook of the economy at a certain point in fourth dimension. This outlook includes factors such as interest rates, politics, and speculation. In its Q4 financial results Apple reported both GAAP and non-GAAP revenue and benefit profit for the iPhone.Their GAAP results showed 7. 9 billion in revenue and 1. 1 billion in sack profit. The non-GAAP showed revenue of 11. 7 billion and net profit of 2. 4 billion. The GAAP results reflect the usage of subscription accounting for the iPhone. Subscription accounting recognizes product make up and revenue on a straight line basis over 24 months (the average user clipping period of a single mobile device). Th is causes the change of an iPhone to be placed in deferred revenue to be evenly distributed for the next two years. It also accounts for the costs of goods sold.The non-GAAP results beed the time of sale method. This accounts for the product revenue and cost in the period that revenue or product cost is incurred. Considering the facts I intrust that the non-GAAP numbers best reflect economic reality. These are the true numbers of how the iPhone sincerely yours performed in that quarter. Apple is a company that spends a tremendous amount of money on R & D each year and they will continue to do that until they cease to exist. Therefore, purchasing an iPhone should non be recorded as a subscription, but it should be recorded time of sale.The fact is that Apple will continue to upgrade its platforms and its devices. The idea of straight line basis accounting for the iPhone does not follow an economic reality. The reality is people want to know how sales and revenue for the iPhon e faired in that quarter. The fact that historic quarters sales have an effect on that does not economically show the reality of the mold the iPhone has on Apple. 2. Should Apple lobby for their non-GAAP numbers to be sanctioned by FASB? 7. 5 points I believe that Apple should not lobby for their non-GAAP numbers to be sanctioned by FASB.Apple decided to use the subscription method due to consumer backlash at an upgrade fee for the iPhone. Today Apple holds a large tract of the smart phone industry. If a small upgrade fee for the iPhone was enacted I personally believe it would not affect sales. For example, people pay on average $75-$100 for their cell phone bill a month a small $5 one or two time fee would not stray people from purchasing an iPhone. Therefore, there would be no need to lobby for the non-GAAP numbers because the new(a) numbers with fees charged for upgrades would be accepted under GAAP.However, with the industry standard set at disengage upgrades for the consu mer, it may be beneficial for Apple along with other smartphone companies to lobby for this. Realistically the smartphone market is a booming market. Time will tell if these companies will decide to lobby to the FASB. Even though I believe it is not necessary for Apple to do with their current stake in the market I do believe that it may occur with the industry standard set. 3. Does it matter if the revenue recognition convening for smartphones changes? 7. 5 points We have established that there are two methods to recognize smartphone revenue time of sale and subscription methods. The company providing the phone has the option on which one to pick. If they choose to offer free upgrades by GAAP they are forced to pick the subscription method. If they choose to charge a fee for upgrades they are allowed to choose the time of sale method. Since consumers are drawn into the free upgrades I believe that revenue recognition for smartphones will live to be subscription.Even though the ti me of sale method can be positive for companies with concerns to their financials, the industry has almost set the standard of offering consumers free upgrades. Overall, I do believe it will matter if the revenue recognition is changed. It will allow financial analysts to gather a greater understanding of the financial site a smartphone company is in. This helps gauge future growth and company position on the public market.

Resistance to change

Livingston 1 Ajax Minerals Resistance to Change Resistance to channel has been renowned as an governingal ch anyenge however, a county immense agnizeing of the different ways that subway send packing be manifested is commonly practiced and highly respectable to companies. A U. S. mining company, Ajax Minerals realized Just how beneficial it is to understand the comp nonp arilnts of how changes affect all branches of their company. Ajax Minerals recognise their governing was operating at full faculty and in the next couple years were going to induct major competitive threats from an an near other(prenominal) company.If the matters of the future challenges that Ajax Minerals were anticipating werent holloed and handled appropriately, the boldness would be expecting to experience grave danger. What it all boils shoot to atomic number 18 the issues concerning how Ajax Mineral organization would react regarding electrical apology of changes that would ensure competitiv eness and livelihood for the company. If this composition matter about how employees and management adapt to change werent predicted and then addressed, Ajax Minerals future looking ated bleak. Ajax Minerals introduced a couple of sources congenator to ensure the lively-hoodResistance to changeThis prevailing viewpoint inherently makes It easy o slip Into an reading corporal of confrontation as dysfunctional for organizational reading. This search contends that this dominant perception Is largely a leave al wiz of an assumption favoring the management or change agent as rational, and the consequential treatment of resistant ports as unreasonable. The comportment of this article, then, is to offer a critiques of metro beyond the contextual confines of change, and explore its functional roles, especially in stimulate organizational considering. Firstly, the impressionualizations of confrontation and organizational acquire leave behind be explored.In particular, d ue to the aim to explore the fundamental features of tube beyond the organizational literature and the overwhelming diversity of the conceptualization, this essay exit tramp on the work of Hollander and nowhere (2004), who build conducted a comprehensive review and digest of metro based on a large number of published work on the topic. Then, Jots and Barbers (2003) chafe allegory and Wicks (2003) assertions on the importance of signifi burn downces of interruptions ordain be employed to show how rampart behind be seen as a resource that acts to signal that something Is going wrong and needs rectification.It will be advertise argued that, by triggering aw arness and enjoin attention to a difficulty, subway system acts to call for evaluation of and rumination on the situation, therefore excite organizational training. Finally, recognizing that doable limitations to the functional effects of resistivity lotnot go unaddressed, the last section discusses several(pr enominal) variables that can latently limit the capacity of defense In stimulating organizational larn.Therefore, the central parameter of this article Is as follows Re-conceptualizing exemption as a resource rather than as a dearth sheds light on Its national voltages. In view of its fundamental features, resistance does have the potential to put forward organizational learning. However, whether or not this translates to reality endures subordinate on a wide race of variables surrounding the organization concerned.Conceptualizing Resistance Despite a surge in studies on resistance In the sometime(prenominal) few decades, resistance remains a theoretically eclectic concept (Numb, 2005). As Hollander and Londoner (2004) claim, the concept of resistance is still unfocused and vague. Due to the lack of a clear and systematic translation, there is elfin consensus on what constitutes assistance, and the language of resistance has in fact been used in research to separate i mmensely different phenomena on a represent of different dimensions (Hollander & Nowhere, 2004) .In terms of Its dimension and s roll in the hay, resistance can describe actions occurring at the Individual, collective or Institutional take aim (Hollander & congregations to work conditions to organizational or accessible structures (Hollander & Nowhere, 2004). In addition, resistance can take different prep areions or goals, and can be aimed at achieving change or curtailing change (Mulling, 1999). Resistance can overly manifest in various vogues. Among the diverse array of literature on resistance, the close frequently studied mode of resistance is one which involves physical bodies or material objects in acts of resistance (Hollander & Nowhere, 2004).This can refer to formal, collective and overt actions such(prenominal) as protests and formation of unions Capper, 1997, as cited in Hollander & Nowhere, 2004), as well as informal, routine and covert respective(prenominal) a ctions such as pretend sickness and pilfering (Parkas & Parkas, 2000 Scott, 1985) . Apart from the physical and material mode, resistance can also take place in various other forms. For example, resistance can be accomplished by dint of symbolic behaviors such as silence (Pickering, 2000, as cited in Hollander & Nowhere, 2004) or breaking silence (Hughes et al, 1995, as cited in Hollander & Nowhere, 2004).From their review and analysis of the conception of resistance based on published work on resistance in the kind sciences, Hollander and Nowhere (2004) proposes a seven part typology of resistance that includes overt resistance, covert resistance, unwitting resistance, target- defined resistance, externally defined resistance, missed resistance and attempted resistance, each offering in the trains of resistors intention, targets recognition as resistance, and other observers (such as a researcher or other third party) recognition as resistance.Among these, overt resistance, on e which is mean to be visible and which is readily recognized as resistance by targets and other observers, is the just about widely received and recognized form of resistance and is the core of the conceptualization of resistance (Hollander & Nowhere, 2004). On the other hand, covert resistance, which is conceptually confusable to everyday resistance (Scott, 1985) and routine assistance (Parkas & Parkas, 2000) are both intentional and observable, but whitethorn not necessarily be recognized by the target as resistance. These dickens forms of resistance will form the basis of the conceptualization adopted in this essay.Amid the vast conceptual differences, however, Hollander and Nowhere (2004) identify two core elements that are consistent across all conceptualizations of resistance action and opposition. chiefly accepted as a bring up component of resistance, action whitethorn involve conscious, active and communicatory behavior and can emerge either at the verbal, cognit ive or physical direct (Hollander & Nowhere, 2004). In addition, as reflected by some terms commonly used to describe resistance- contradiction, tension, rejection, challenge, disruption and remainder (Albert, 1991 Hollander & Nowhere, 2004), resistance always involves some form of opposition.Bauer (1991), however, draws a clear-cution amidst resistance and opposition in his definition of resistance in the context of resistance to change in organizations. check to Bauer (1991), resistance is an expression of conflict of interest, values, goals, or means to ends which is unanticipated by the change agent, and which transforms into opposition only after being send through formal channels of expression. As the overwhelmingly diverse nature of the conception implies, pinning down a definitive conception of resistance in organizations is unfeasible.Therefore, for the purpose of this essay, the notion of resistance will draw on Barbers (1991) definition of resistance This conceptual ization will, however, extend beyond Barbers (1991) definition to include acts of opposition such as every day, routine resistance, which may not have been institutionalized through formal channels. get along assumptions are that these acts are visible, observable, and arise from conscious oppositional intentions. In other words, the forms of resistance discussed in this essay will focus on what Hollander and Nowhere (2004) term as overt resistance and covert resistance.To sum up, resistance will be conceptualized as Unanticipated oppositional action arising from a conflict of interest, values, goals or means of achieving a goal, expressed with conscious oppositional intention and in forms that are observable. Conceptualizing organizational Learning In a counterfeit very similar to that of assistance, the concept of organizational learning is still a vastly multi-dimensional, diverse and come apart area with miniscule convergence despite a proliferation of research since the s ass (Wang & Aimed, 2002).Organizational learning, in the simplest sense, refers to a change in organizational association (Schulz, 2002). It involves acquisition of new knowledge (Miller, 1996) by means of added, transformed or reduced knowledge (Schulz, 2002). Essentially a multilevel phenomenon, organizational learning encompasses learning at the individual, group/team and organizational level Cost & Bauer, 2003 Lima, Laughingstock, & Chant, 2006 Marauded, 1995).While it is commonly acknowledged that all learning starts with individual learning, and that individual and group learning have positive effects on organizational learning (Lima et al, 2006), the notion of what very constitutes organizational learning remains excessively broad, diverse and controversial (Wang & Aimed, 2003). This essay adopts the perspective proposed by baleen (2000) and Jots and Bauer (2003) that learning at the organizational level involves consolidation of knowledge generated from the individual and group level which leads to changes in airmailed procedures within an organization.Formal procedures refer to a set of explicit constraints within which organizational activities unfold (March, Schulz and Chou, 2000, as cited in Jots and Bauer, 2003, p. 29). As Baleen (2000) notes, organizational learning is a realignment of the organization through reinvention of organizational settings, in which new missions are formulated, new plans and goals are set, structures are redesigned, processes are reengineering and improved, strategic beliefs are modified, and the operational causal map is modify (p. 92). This conceptualization of learning can also be associated with Argils and Scions (1996) notion of double-loop learning, the form of learning which occurs when errors are observe and corrected in ways that involve the modification of an organizations profound norms, policies and objectives. Organizational learning can hence denote phenomena such as changes in formal written rules or employees collective habits Cost & Bauer, 2003).Resistance and Organizational Learning Resistance in organizations usually emerges in two opposite directions, either for the purpose of subsisting existing structures or to resisting change initiatives (Mulling, 1999). Yet, the dominant perception of resistance that permeates management wisdom is arguably grow in studies of the latter. In fact, most studies on resistance to change rest on the widely held and accepted assumption that people resist change and this is an issue management has to overcome (Dent & Goldberg, 1999). In addition, change is subordinates (Dent & Goldberg, 1999).This results in a bias that favors the change agent as rational and objective, and treats resistant practices as inappropriate (Dent Goldberg, 1999 Jots & Bauer, 2003), irrational and dysfunctional behavior that has to be overcome if effective and lasting change is to be achieved (Collisions & Cracked, 2006 crossroad, Ford, & Diadems, 2008). Many stud ies have set out to explore the causes of resistance to change and subsequently offer strategies to overcome resistance (Examples? ). Yet, most do not in fact offer ways to overcome resistance per SE, but rather suggest strategies for preventing or minimizing resistance (Dent & Goldberg, 1999).Rather than offering solutions, these approaches arguably pass on perpetuate he view that resistance is dysfunctional and should be avoided altogether. This perception carries particularly significant implications for an era in which managing change and learning is seen as the key tasks of organizational leaders (Marauded, 1995), as indirectly prescribes a negative association surrounded by resistance and learning. In todays highly turbulent and competitive business environment, the capacity to learn at the organizational level is highly valued and widely regarded as a viable option strategy ( broadband, McGill, & Beech, 2002 Lima et al. 2006). At the earth of this, then, is the ultimate d esired outcome of organizational learning- the flexibility and ability to adapt and cope in rapidly changing environments (Broadband et al. , 2002 Catcher- Greenfield & Ford, 2005). Hence, a key challenge for organizational leaders is to maximize organizational learning in order to develop an organization that has the capacity to recognize, react, enact appropriate responses, and adapt to environmental changes (Alas & Shrill, 2002 Broadband et al. , 2002). Such capacities are inevitably embedded in an organizations knowledge base (Alas & Shrill, 2002).In view of this, the perception that resistance to change is dysfunctional for organizational learning lies in the fact that in the context of change in which employees are expected to learn and adopt new skills or behavior, resistance is seen as a refusal to learn and consequently translated to signify disruption to the change process (Alas & Shrill, 2002). However, looking beyond resistance to change to studies on other kinds of resi stance, one can see that resistance can in fact be viewed in a more positive light than in the context of resistance to change.In the context of everyday, routine resistance to existing oracle conditions, for example, studies have found acts of resistance to be strategies that can realize structural (Parkas & Parkas, 2000) or even revolutionary (Scott, 1989) change. Therefore, what is needed is an exploration of the issue beyond the confines of perspectives on resistance to change. We should look beyond the context of resistance to organizational change efforts, and explore resistance in a more general sense, based on the fundamental characteristics of various kinds of resistance that typically manifest in organizations, no matter of the goals or directions.In fact, whether aimed at resisting or instigating change, resistance in organizations can manifest in very similar ways, from more overt forms of resistance such protests or more subtle forms of resistance such as foot draggi ng, false compliance, pilfering, feigned ignorance, slander, intentional carelessness, feigned sickness, absenteeism, bring down, among others (Hollander & Nowhere, 2004 Mulling, 1999 Parkas & Parkas 2000, Scott, 1989).Exploring the fundamental phenomenon without the constrictions of a preconception or vestigial assumption, which will also enable us to better explore the functionality of resistance in organizations, and how it may, in fact, stimulate organizational learning. Re- conceptualizing the Role of Resistance in Organizational Learning Following the preceding proposal, it is necessary to recapitulation resistance not as a dysfunctional phenomenon, but as a resource that, if recognized and utilized appropriately, can produce positive effects for the organization.In fact, some scholars have already suggested that we look beyond overcoming resistance and instead focus on discerning the source of resistance and treat it as a signal that something is going wrong in the organiza tion (Lawrence, 1954 Sense, 1997). Jots and Bauer (2003) further extend this idea with the chafe simile to show the diagnostic potential of resistance, and proposed a shift of attention from the causes to the effects of resistance. bill of exchange on a functional analogy to acute pain in the human body system, they suggest that resistance plays the resembling role within an organization as pain does in the human body.Just like how pain functions as a signal for the body, resistance functions as a feedback loop for management, by means of an alarm signalise that problems exist and should be looked into and acted on to prevent further damage Cost & Bauer, 2003). This is can be further illustrated by a predictable cycle of events that follows the experience of acute pain in the human system. When pain occurs, it shifts attention to the source of pain, enhances the persons body image and self- reflective thinking processes, interrupts present activity and brings it under evaluatio n, and stimulates a new, altered course of action (Wall, 1979).Jots and Bauer (2003) argue that even though acute pain may initially disrupt and delay current activities, its functions in prompting internal attention, indicating the location and hypes of problem, and stimulating demonstration supply it an important resource that can be crucial for survival. Transferring the same diagnostic functions of pain to resistance, resistance can be seen as a functional resource for an organization to diagnose and rectify real activities that are potentially damaging Cost & Bauer, 2003).Like a person who is unable to experience pain, an organization that is not subject of detecting resistance, or as Jots and Bauer (2003) label, functional collective pain (p 1 1), will be disadvantaged through its inability to detect threats to survival. More specifically, when resistance occurs, whether it is aimed at resisting change initiatives or resisting existing (everyday) conditions in the organiz ation, it is an characteristic that changes are needed.Regardless of the context or situation that triggers resistance, it fundamentally signifies an existence of tension and conflict of interests in the current state of affairs, implying that things are far from ideal and that there are areas that could and should be investigated and rectified. Envisage two distinct approaches to such a situation one organization disregards signs of assistance or suppresses the acts of resistance while some other organization takes time and effort to diagnose, reflect and identify necessary changes to make.The latter will arguably be better off in the long run because it has had the avenue to identify and rectify its problems, including any possible latent issues or conflicts that had initially caused resistance. In the former organization, however, problems will remain, if not have effects on the organization, regardless of whether it was perceived to be so. Hence, employing Jots and Bauer (2003 )gs pain metaphor, it can be argued that in tuitions of pain/resistance, the intuitive disposition is to approach it in ways similar to those suggested in the cycle of events proposed by Wall (1979).In this sense, resistance does not only stimulate formula, but is itself a resource for reflection. Therefore, as will be discussed later, resistance can be particularly useful in stimulating a specific kind of learning, reflective learning, in organizations. In addition to Jots and Barbers (2003) pain metaphor, an alternative way to highlight the potential function of resistance is to understand it within the framework of Heidegger (1962, s cited in Wick, 2003) three modes of work.Drawing on these three modes of engagement, Wick (2003) describes three modes of engagement in the organizational context- the ready-to-hand mode, the unready-to-hand mode and the present-at-hand mode, to explore the disconnections between organizational practices and theories, from which he emphasizes the function of the unready-to- hand mode of engagement in bridging the gap between theory and practice. The unready-to-hand mode refers to moments when an ongoing activity is interrupted and when problematical aspects that caused the interruption become salient (Wick, 003).In other words, unready-to-hand mode denotes moments of interruption in organizational processes or activities. According to Wick (2003), such moments interrupt the pertinent actors of the organization, prompting them to take efforts to make sense of the interruption. Because a moment of interruption causes partial detachment from the organizational activity and makes the activity more visible, it is an opportunity to get a richer and clearer glimpse of the picture, to reflect, and to gain a better understanding of the issues concerned (Wick, 2003).It is during these moments when relevancies that have previously gone ignored can be discovered (Wick, 2003). Therefore, being such a rich resource, the potential illum ination that interruptions of organizational activities can offer should not be overlooked. For its umteen similar characteristics to moments of interruptions as illustrated by Wick (2003), resistance could be seen in the same light as the unready-to-hand mode of engagement. In many ways, resistance is analog to a scenario of the unready-to hand mode as resistance is fundamentally a form of interruption to ongoing organizational activities or processes.Therefore, drawing on Wicks (2003) viewpoint and placing resistance within this framework, we can, again, see resistance as a resource that makes underlying problems visible and allows the organization to reflect and discover issues or problems that would otherwise remain invisible. Both Jots and Bauer (2003) and Wicks (2003) propositions highlight the potential diagnostic function of resistance in stimulating awareness and directing attention to a possibly malfunctioning area within the organization, which inherently links to its f unction as a useful resource in stimulating reflection and learning.The following section, then, will focus on reflective learning, and illustrate how resistance can function as a resource that stimulates reflective learning at the organizational level. Resistance as a Resource How resistance cans Stimulate Learning thoughtful learning refers to the process of internally examining and exploring an issue of concern, triggered by an experience, which creates and clarifies meaning in 1983, p. 99). In short, reflection is the key to learning from experience.A key human mechanism for making sense of and learning from experiences (Boyd & False, 1983) affliction has traditionally been seen as an individual phenomenon (Essence & Termed, 2007). Now, however, there is increasing recognition of the rationale of reflection for work at the organizational level (Essence & Termed, 2007). In the organizational context, reflective learning refers to a communal process of reflection of an experience or issue which requires critical examination and reconstruction of meanings (Essence & Termed, 2007).Semester and Termed (2007) argue that this is an important process for organizations because experience is both the peremptory feature and resource in work and organizations. Therefore, capitalizing on experience and learning from it is intrinsically linked to the survival of organizations. Yet, reflective learning does not take place voluntarily and naturally. Because of the human tendency to reduce cognitive dissonance, we tend to adopt strategies to avoid perceiving information that contradicts our perceptions and beliefs (Markus & Cajon, 1985, as cited in Essence & Tamer, 2007).Essence and Tamer (2007) claim that, for this reason, reflection only occurs in dynamic situations and does not generally arise during stagnant situations. In other words, reflection needs to be provoked by uncertain or ambiguous situations in which customary meanings are no longer satisfactory (Chon, 19 83 Rogers, 2001 Wick et al, 2005, as cited in Essence and Tamer, 2007, p. 233). At this point, the logic of bringing in resistance, as an example of such situations is clear, as resistance arguably fits the depiction and shares many parallels with situations of uncertainty and ambiguity.To different extents, all these situations can be seen as forms of unanticipated and undesirable interruptions to ongoing organizational activities which require deeper reflection and understanding. Therefore, in view of the nature of resistance and situations that trigger a felt need for reflection, it can be argued that resistance can in effect function to stimulate reflective learning in organizations. Existing studies showing how resistance leads to change can serve to support the proposition that resistance stimulates organizational learning.While there is a dearth of studies within the organizational literature exploring the direct links between resistance and learning, the relationship can in fact be understood in relation to the connection between resistance and change, as he central aim of organizational learning is the capacity to change in order to cope and survive (Alas & Shrill, 2002). In view of the central aim of organizational learning, some connections with resistance become unmingled because dealing with resistance is fundamentally about coping.An organization that is able deal with resistance in a functional way and utilize resistance to its benefits will arguably have a greater capacity to cope and survive in unpredictable situations because ultimately, whether dealing with resistance or with other internal or external predicaments requires the name set of capabilities the ability to recognize, react and enact appropriate responses. As an example of how resistance can instigate changes, Scott (1989) has reported that routine forms of covert resistance, displayed through actions such as foot-dragging, pilfering, feigned ignorance and sabotage could have rev olutionary capacity.In addition, Parkas and Parades (2000) flying field of technological change in a health maintenance organization has shown that although informal resistance was effects, resistance, in general, has been observed to produce the following effects firm the resisters self identities, level renegotiation of roles and relationships, trigger reinterpretation of the dominant managerial discourses, and challenge managerial control, albeit to different extents.The central fact is that resistance jolted managers and supervisors out of their habitual modes of taking employees for granted (Parkas & Parkas, 2000, p. 401). While there is no basis to establish a direct link to organizational learning, this example does show an instance where resistance has functioned to stimulate learning by performing the following functions signaling existence of a problem, stimulating a reflection on the situation, and consequently spark advance to some form of change.This implicitly illu strates that resistance can play a role in stimulating organizational learning. Limitations However, even though it has hitherto been contended that resistance can function to stimulate organizational learning, one needs to avoid slipping into an idealistic interpretation of the role of resistance and recognize the various limitations that can inhibit its functions. Furthermore, it is crucial to note that while resistance can function to stimulate organizational learning, it by no means imply that resistance will result in learning.In reality, whether or not resistance leads to positive outcomes, or whether it stimulates learning at all depends chiefly on a wide range of other internal or external factors surrounding the organization in question. Firstly, international in nature, resistance is defined by both the resisters perceptions of their own behavior, and the targets, or even a third party observers reactions towards that behavior (Hollander & Nowhere, 2004).Therefore, how res istance is perceived, or whether it is recognized t all, depends largely on the perspectives and interpretations of the relevant actors because the same action may well be perceived differently by different observers. As an example, in their studies of Filipino home(prenominal) helpers in Hong Kong, Groves and Change (1999) have reported how the same behavior was perceived as resistance by one researcher (an Asian woman), but perceived as childish and deferent behavior by another researcher (a White man). This demonstrates the complexity involved in the recognition of resistance.Even when acts of resistance are intended to be visible and re in fact observable, cultural and social factors, among others, may mean that they may not necessarily be understood as resistance by the target (Hollander & Nowhere, 2004). Cultural differences, for instance, may be a particularly relevant variable that could come into play considering the multicultural nature of many contemporary organizations. The possibility that even observable acts of resistance may not be recognized as resistance highlights a key problem if resistance is not recognized at all, all its potential constructive functions are completely eliminated.For resistance to be functional, it must first be recognized as resistance, and experienced as an unpleasant and undesirable phenomenon. As Jots and Bauer (2003) assert in the metaphor to acute pain, pain needs to be experienced as negative in order to be functional (p. 1 1). Therefore, for resistance to stimulate organizational learning, it has to be first recognized by its target as resistance. Beyond the problem of the perception and recognition of resistance, other complex set of factors can come into play, adding to the complication of the issue.Even when assistance is recognized, further factors could downplay any potential functions of (2005) contend, a wide range of factors exists as disconnects that widen the gap between ideals and realities. Ultimately , resistance is a deeply sociological phenomenon, encompassing issues such as power and control, equality and differences, social contexts and fundamental interactions (Hollander & Nowhere, 2004). This, coupled with the complex nature or organizations and organizational learning, unquestionably points to the complexities involved in conceptualizing the relations between resistance and organizational learning.Particularly, constrains to learning can stem from the existing management, organizational grow and organizational configurations (Stubbiness, Freed, Shania, & Doer, 2006). Examples of some specific contextual factors within an organization include power relations, politics and decision-making authority, culture of conversation and interaction and level of management control. One key factor that predisposes organizational learning is the structure and culture of an organization. As Evans, Hoodwinks, Rainbow and Union (2006) claim, the wider social structure of an organization can be essential in enabling or preventing learning.Taking horizontal and perpendicular organizational structures as examples, one can see that resistance is more likely to stimulate and consequently lead to organizational learning in horizontal organizational structures than in vertical organizational structures. Horizontal organizations, with their emphasis on lateral collaborations, permeable boundaries, mutual understanding and effective communication processes (Baleen, 2000 Dent & Goldberg, 1999) over centralized control and decision making, have a better capacity to oppose effectively to ambiguity and unanticipated situations (Baleen, 2000).This is also inextricably related to the underlying mindset of an organization. As Catcher-Greenfield and Ford (2005) note, the mindset of the relevant organizational actors can have a direct impact on the level of acceptance or denial towards unanticipated, and particularly, undesirable events (Catcher-Greenfield & Ford, 2005) On one en d of the continuum is an acceptance of reality, in which the relevant actors, such as supervisors or managers, are able to let go of past perceptions, experiences and comfortable attitudes, to address new realities that have surfaced.On the other end of the momentum is denial, in which the actors mindsets are rooted in past experiences and perceptions, and do not accept that there are problems with existing ways, and that change is needed (Catcher- Greenfield & Ford, 2005). Hence, the structure and underlying mindset of an organization can have direct implications on what ensues after resistance has surfaced. Stubbiness et alls (2006) study of a concealing-based organization in the defense industry serves to show how organizational learning can be impeded by cultural factors within the organization.In the company, which has an internal culture that does not encourage learning and knowledge transfer beyond individual work units, Stubbiness et al (2006) found that social distance, ab sence of discourse between top and middle management, the professional and organizational culture of the company that rarely considers the needs of employees, and the secrecy culture that limits information flow, have all proven to be obstacles to collective reflection and learning.Considering the assumption that learning requires collective reflection (Bout, Creases, & Dougherty, 2006), resistance will likely fail to stimulate earning within an organizational culture such as this which does not support example, Campbell (2006) study of learning in a Catholic church service shows how learning can be impeded in dogmatic organizations with rigid rules and authoritative power structures. In such an organization, where beliefs, principles and rules are commonly accepted as authoritative and beyond question, inputs from the lower levels of an organization is normally unwelcome.When learning occurs, it is driven by directives from above (Campbell, 2006). It was observed that in such a c ulture, the top dervish seeks to throw control of the entire organization by means of protecting the integrity of organizational principles, leaving little space and flexibility for other organizational actors, such as supervisors and middle managers, to respond to the realities facing the organization at large.While the example of a Catholic Church is a somewhat extreme example, it serves to show how organizational culture and power relations can severely limit the functions of resistance. In all likelihood, resistance may be suppressed or disregarded. In other words, in such organizations here bottom-up changes are highly improbable, resistance will most likely fail to stimulate organizational learning. Conclusion This essay has presented an overview of the conceptualization of resistance and explored the dominant perspective on resistance in relation to organizational learning in current management wisdom.It has been contended that the negative connotation often prescribed to re sistance is largely contributed by the prevalent assumption that views resistance as irrational behavior within the context of resistance to change. Drawing on Jots and Barbers pain metaphor and Wicks reposition about moments of interruption, it has been argued that resistance could be recapitulation in a more positive light. Rather than being seen as an obstacle to overcome, resistance can be seen as a functional resource as a signal that serves to warn and direct attention to a problem.While providing organizations with the opportunity to attend to and rectify a problem before the problem expands or deteriorates, resistance concurrently serves to stimulate organizational learning by instigating a felt need for reflection and change. The pain metaphor, in particular, implies that when a warning signal emerges, the intuitive reaction is to manage and rectify the problem. Applying this to the organizational context, then, suggests that resistance will naturally lead to an awareness of the need to change.Yet, the relationship between resistance and learning is not a simple and straightforward one. Ultimately, whether or not resistance can function to stimulate learning is dependent upon many variables. The first problem pertains to the issue of recognition. Due to a range of possible reasons such as perceptions and cultural barriers, an intentional act of resistance may not necessarily be recognized as such y its intended targets. If resistance is not acknowledged and recognized, its potential function in stimulating organizational learning is completely eliminated.Furthermore, additional factors, such as organizational structure and culture, may also act to limit the functions of resistance in stimulating organizational learning. Therefore, while resistance does have the potential to stimulate organizational learning, whether or not that translates to reality remains dependent on a wide range of factors surrounding the organization concerned. References Alas, R. , & Shrill, S. (2002). Organizational learning and resistance to change in

Following Assignment

Please answer the sideline questions, you can upload your answers In a MS Word flee, or Word file. Answer totally the questions, and upload the answers back before Sunday March 31, 2013 (before 11 55 pm) 1 . Differentiate amidst guided media and unguided media 2. What atomic number 18 three important characteristics of a periodic signal 3. mark fundamental frequence 4. What Is attenuation? 5. Describe the components of optical fibre cable. 6. Indicate whatever significant differences amid open radio and microwave. 7. What Is the difference between diffraction and break up? . Last and briefly define important factors that can be employ in evaluating or comparing the various digital-to- digital encoding techniques. 9. What function does a modem perform? 10. What Is JAM? Differentiate between guided media and unguided media Gulled media Is that where we use any track for communication want cables (coaxial, fiber optic, twisted pair) etc. Unguided media is also called wir eless where not any physical path is used for transmission. What are three important characteristics of a periodic signal?Period (or frequency), amplitude and phase. only periodic signals can be broken down into other signals Cost commonly Selene/ piquancy waves, but there are others too. These components will individually hand oer their own frequency, amplitude and phase that amalgamate into the original signal. The strange part of the question is the phase. A signal on its own does not have a phase unless you provide some reference signal to compare it to. Generally, this comparison signal Is Impevasivenessd by the context of your particular situation.When you decompose a periodic signal into components, however, it is almost always implied that the phase of each component is in reference to the fundamental component (So the fundamental has phase O. Hill the others have phases referenced to that). This is done specifically so that each component will combine to create the ori ginal signal. Define fundamental frequency. What Is attenuation? The fundamental frequency, often referred to simply as the fundamental, is defined as the lowest frequency of a periodic waveform.In terms of a superposition of sinusoids The fundamental frequency Is the lowest frequency sinusoidal in the sum. In some contexts, the fundamental is usually abbreviated as of (or IF), indicating the lowest frequency tally from zero. In other contexts, it is more common to abbreviate It as FL, the first harmonic. The second harmonic Is thus if = off, etc. In this context, the zeros harmonic would be O Hzs. )All sinusoidal and many non-sinusoidal waveforms are periodic, which Is to say they restate exactly over time. Describes the signal completely.We can show a waveform is periodic by conclusion some period T for which the following equation is true Reduction of signal strength during transmission. attenuation is the opposite of amplification, and is normal when a signal is sent from on e point to another. Describe the components of optical fiber cable. An optical fiber is a flexible, transparent fiber made of glass (silica) or plastic, slightly love bite than a human hair. It functions as a waveguide, or light pipe, to transmit light between the two ends of the fiber.The field of applied science and engineering concerned with the design and application of optical fibers is cognise as fiber optics. Optical fibers are widely used in fiber-optic communications, which permits transmission over doggeder distances and at higher bandwidths ( information rates) than other forms of communication. Fibers are used instead of metal wires because signals travel along them with less loss and are also immune to electromagnetic interference. Fibers are also used for illumination, and are wrapped in bundles so that they may be used to carry images, thus allowing viewing in confined spaces.Specially designed fibers are used for a variety of other applications, including sensor s and fiber lasers. Indicate some significant differences between broadcast radio and microwave. FL Radio is about 50 Kilohertz to 400 Kilohertz. AM Broadcast Band Radio is about 500 Kilohertz to 1600 Kilohertz. And microwave begins around 2000 Mesh and goes up thru. Some frequency ranges like 26,000 Mesh in allocated bands, depending upon the type of service youre operating. What is the difference between diffraction and scattering?Diffraction is a phenomenon observed only in waves, but scattering is a phenomenon observed in some(prenominal) waves and particles. Diffraction is a property of propagation of waves, whereas scattering is a property of wave interactions. Diffraction can be taken as evidence for the wave nature of light. Some forms of scattering (Compton scattering) can be taken as evidence for the particle nature of light. List and briefly define important factors that can be used in evaluating or comparing the various digital-to-digital encoding techniques. digital s ignals dont have large ranges, nor do they ring constant activity.Digital signals have very few values. Each signal is unique from a previous digital value and unique from one to come. In effect, a digital signal is a snapshot of a condition and does not represent continual movement In comparing analog and digital signals, advantages lie on either end of the spectrum. Analog signals suffer far less from attenuation over long distances. This rather makes sense. Since digital data can only be a 1 or O, what happens when a signal becomes so weak that it is hard to distinguish between each state? Sometimes we secure cant.Analog devices, on the other hand, are equipped to handle the infinite values between 1 and O. Digital devices are a lot less sophisticated, meaning that they are fairly easy to manufacture and cost-effective. In addition, bandwidths than analog systems do. What function does a modem perform? The function of a modem is Modulation and Demodulation mean to turn data int o a format that can be transmitted via an audio link such as a phone line. A modem at the other side of the connection answers the phone and converts the audio back into somber data.This is why if you lift a phone while the modem is in use there appears to be stochastic noise on the line, this noise is the data in audio What JAM? JAM stands for Quadrate premium Modulation. Its a modulation scheme that transmits data by changing the amplitude of two carrier waves. The two carrier waves are out of phase with each other by 90 degrees. Digital telephone circuit uses JAM to transmit the majority of their signals. Two major JAM schemes are GAMMA and GAMMA. GAMMA contains data throughput around 28 Mbps, where GAMMA has data throughput of 38. 8 Mbps.

Americanization in Poland

These days in Poland we idler notice that the act upon of Americanization has proceeded. Every step we take, we face the influence of the American culture in our country and it does not surprisal anybody or we do not even surmise that we take part in this phenomenon.Firstly, I involve noticed that more than 90% of the music I listen to is in English. Even if the bands come from Sweden or Hungary the lyrics of their songs be still in English, usu whollyy in American English. Some people say that it overshadows color music a bit but it withal makes us study the language to understand unconnected lyrics. What is more, most of the movies I watch atomic number 18 American. They are from Hollywood and the cast of each movie is also American. It makes our national movies look a bit poorer than these from the USA but we have to admit that some of the American motion pictures are astonishing.However, really bad tendency is that we eat more and more junk food. Fast-foods are tasty but really unhealthy, full of carbohydrates and fats which in too big amounts can be parlous for our blisterings.All in all, the phenomenon of Americanization is present in Poland. Its influence on our culture is huge but we can not define it as unequivocally in force(p) or unequivocally bad. It has a lot of good aspects but also many disadvantages.Tomasz Tomaszewski photo exhibition Rzut beretemEvery young person who likes photography should encounter the photo exhibition of Tomasz Tomaszewski called Rzut beretem which can be seen in CK Zamek in Pozna from the 6th to the 26th of February, 2009. It is the summary of all the photographers work that he did in 2008 when he was traveling around Poland.As currently as we enter the hall of CK Zamek, we can notice that all the photographs are black and white. That discoloration was through with(p) deliberately to make the photos look more amazing and to present the topic of the exhibition as outgo as possible. All of the 60 most interes ting photographers pictures show the forget places in Poland such as old villages, homesteads, etc. It refers to the name of the exhibition, which means that the places shown on the pictures seem to people who live in the city to be far away from them but the truth is that they are nearby cosmos undiscovered and underestimated.Photographs presented on the exhibition are of incredibly high quality, the contrast is also high and the frames are considered, they were not made accidentally but to present the photographers point of view.I cheer this exhibition to every young people interested in photography. Rzut beretem is worth seeing it to discover the forgotten and underestimated places in Poland.