Epidemiology in Public and Global Health Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Epidemiology in Public and Global Health - Essay function modelThis was the countrys worst ever cholera turn outbreak, considering the detail that the country had never suffered any cholera outbreak for over half a century. The routine of this paper is therefore, to examine the factors that led to the outbreak of this epidemic in Haiti, the health promotion/health protection strategies that can be usaged to successfully palliate the outbreak, as well as the role of a BSN nurse in addressing the outbreak. Summary of article Piarroux e.t al (2011) article, Understanding the Cholera Epidemic in Haiti seeks to apply the source of the cholera outbreak, as well as the health protection strategies to mitigate its spread. In mid-October 2010, the Haitian Ministry of Health account the outbreak of cholera resulting from vibrio cholerae 01, a strain of cholera that is common in Asia. The epidemic came as a surprise because there was no incidence of cholera that had previously been re ported in Haiti for more than half a century. Several hypotheses were drawn as to the likely causes of the outbreak, which included the hypothesis that the La Nina phenomenon experienced in the country was olibanum responsible for the growth of vibrio cholerae, and the other hypothesis of the importation of cholera disease from a country suffering from endemic cholera outbreaks (Piarroux e.t al, 2011). Through the use of advanced software, ScTScan, for field survey and the compilation of statistical data, the researchers were able to trace the source of the cholera outbreak that was now spreading rapidly across the communities accompaniment in the lower regions of the Artibonite River. It was thus confirmed that the source of the cholera outbreak was River Artibonite, but not the earth quake as was initially thought. Epidemiological studies carried out by the researchers in addition seemed to support the hypothesis that the cholera outbreak in Haiti was imported. This is because there was an established correlation of time and place between the eventual arrivals of the Nepali military, which majority of their members came from a place experiencing a cholera outbreak (Piarroux e.t al, 2011). This hypothesis was further confirmed by the remoteness of the Merille region in central Haiti and the fact that there were no other incomers in the region. The importation of the cholera strain in the Artibonite River basin may be hugely attributed to the asymptomatic carriage of the bacterial in the soldiers stool residue (Piarroux e.t al, 2011). This is because one of the most common transmission modes for cholera is through the fecal-oral route. Fecal-oral transmission in the Artibonite region can be instantaneously attributed to the dumping of raw sewage into the Artibonite River from the Nepalese army camp, from where it flowed downstream into the rice fields along the river. This is evidenced by the fact that the majority of the cholera infections were preserve from the rice fields where 67% of the population there drank the untreated water from the river basin and canals (Piarroux e.t al, 2011). Impact on nursing practice Nurses play an important role in the control and mitigation of any disease outbreaks. This is because a nurse, during the discharge of her professional duties, places not only her health at risk but also her security and welfare, so as to help administer the relevant medical treatment to a patient. It is thus the first and paramount

RESPONSE TO 8 QUESTIONS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

RESPONSE TO 8 QUESTIONS - Essay ExampleA empirical forecast of future conditions found on the data collected should be conducted so as to determine which problems will have a bearing on the future.The final step is the implementation. Guidelines on how the process is to be conducted should be given. Monitoring of the plan and performance evaluation is conducted after implementation begins. There should be an evaluation process to analyze and limit whether the plan was properly implemented or not.The jurisdiction of the area whether it is a city, town or state. Population size and density of the area should be calculated. emblem of housing and locations have to be known. Physical conditions much(prenominal) as climate of the area, geology and soil type, and the drainage basins in the area should also be disclosed. The current conditions in regard to solid waste management should also be considered.This data is vital for planning the development of a proper Solid Waste perplexity system. The data is what is used to determine the size of the system that should be developed. Population size and density can be used for forecasting purposes. Physical conditions lead to be considered so as not to build waste management systems at improper places to avoid pollution of the environment. An analysis of the current condition in regard to waste management can be used to see whether to develop a new system or just improve on the existing one (Shah 129).Question 2 As a MSW Manager, describe what major environmental issues, laws(federal), and stakeholders concerns would you need to address at1) a landfill disposal facility and 2) a composting facility?A landfill Disposal Facility should be built in a suitable geological area that is far away from wetlands, faults or such types of areas that are restricted. Landfills require liners made from plastic sheets or geo-membrane with a reinforcement of two feet of clay on the sides and floor of the landfill.Waste in

Malcolm Gladwells 'Blink' Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Malcolm Gladwells Blink - Essay ExampleFor one, Gladwell is on a sticky wicket. The techniques and reasons are too complex to explain. For another, Gladwell knows what he is talking about. And finally, everyone else knows what Gladwell is talking about.On the spur effect decision, off the cuff remarks, gut feelings, intuition, quick thinking, customarily yield positive results, oftentimes because the person devising the decisions and statements know very well what is going on and the reasons behind his or her decisions.Anyone who has read Blink may understand the authors core issue. In simple terms, he is talking about the power of perception. One finds it difficult to disagree with the notion that he or she has never been in a situation when an intuitive stand or decision yielded positive results. The situation may be as varied as the ones author has touched upon, viz. deciding whether a statue is a fake, deciding whether a surgeon is likely to get sued for malpractice, and deci ding whether the inhabitant of a particular dorm room is likely to be conscientious.In each case on which the author has elaborated the one making the decision did so with minimum information on hand, two seconds to decide, and with formidable consequences should the decision go wrong.Dr Atul Gawande is more succinct on the issue. ... Dr Atul Gawande is more succinct on the issue. In his book, The Bell Curve. he cites examples of the Cincinnati Childrens Hospital and Fairview Universitys Hospital at Minneapolis to illustrate background, the prevalent status, and the determination to turn around from mediocre to achievements, by skilled police squad of doctors to improve results from below average practitioners to trail blazers. They do so without any recourse to fresh medical training. They do so with determination, discipline and professional pugnacity to ensure patients recovery. Gawandes point of view is that it is not only professional qualification and capabilities, but practi ce and personal determination to succeed that drives one to achieve feats which may otherwise look impossible. Atul Gawande.1Correlation and Calculation In the instances of both Malcolm Gladwell and Atul Gawande the risk factors are overwhelming and possible solutions depend on thin slicing - filtering the very few factors that guinea pig from an overwhelming number of variables. Malcolm Gladwell.2Normally everyone is taught not to make hasty decisions, look before leaping, think, look at all angles, dont go by feelings, and to make maximum efforts at information gathering and consultation before making a decision. However, not everyone is instructed on how to go about handling a life and terminal situation, a crisis, walking tightrope over the Niagara, or accompany a close relative on his or her last walk to the gallows. Moreover, it is natural to pass the germinate in a crisis situation or as a last resort, leave difficult, dangerous, embarrassing, debilitating situations to t he Almighty in prayer The person facing the crisis is a lone ranger facing the most unfortunate situation in his or her life.

Out with the Old in with the New Essay Example for Free

Out with the Old in with the New EssayEducation is the bingle most important factor in non only an individuals life and their outcome for success, unless also the outcome of future success in America. In order for our country to be successful we must invest in our future generations and the training they will need once they transport on to their future endeavors. Although America spends vast amounts of money to apiece one year on education, money is not always the answer. We must improve the performance in our classrooms by making sure we have the strongest faculty possible. teachers being given the luxury of tenure are hurting student performance and the performance of America. advance is not only allowing teachers to keep their jobs secure based off experience rather than performance, but also it is this job protection that makes the removal of poorly acting teachers so difficult and costly. In a result, most checks end up retaining their bad teachers. Teachers having tenure is a very controversial issue in instantlys society. There are umpteen pros and cons to this give in, but it is crucial that we have the strongest faculty we can in order to have a bright and successful future for this country. Teachers tenure is a form of job protection that public school teachers receive after 1-7 years on the job.It was created in the early 1920s in order to protect teachers from losing their jobs to younger less(prenominal) expensive teachers. According to Time U. S. magazine, Roughly 2. 3 million public school teachers in the U. S. have tenure(Stephey). With all the budget cuts that have happened, galore(postnominal) talented, busy and young teachers are being fired in order for some other teachers to keep their job. Teachers job security should be based on performance in the classroom rather than years a teachers been teaching. Teachers tenure is one of the most controversial issues in education today.many wad argue that it protects teachers fr om being fired for personalized or political reasons, and pr make upts the firing of experienced teachers to hire less expensive in the raw teachers. Before tenure was in place, teachers would be fired if a new political party took office or even if the principle wanted to make room for a teacher friend. Tenure adds stability for the community nigh it because teachers with colossal careers are known and trusted throughout the community. Proponents also say that eliminating teacher tenure would discourage people from entering the teaching profession.Many people would decide to invest their talent in a more securable profession rather than risking their future on what could be a future pink slip. Having less talent in the teaching field of honor would greatly impact education in a negative way. It would reduce innovation in teaching because many teachers lesson plans would become skewed towards the standardized tests in order to keep their jobs. Standardized test should not be th e reason a teacher loses his or her job, but no teacher should have the luxury of having guaranteed job security.According to the pro-education reform documentary Waiting for Superman, only one out of 1000 teachers is fired for performance-related reasons each year. Teachers with tenure are the honest-to-goodness and more experienced teachers. Although they may have experience, their age may be a downfall in their teaching tactics. The older a teacher is, the less energy they have for holding the attention of the class. Especially in the technological age, teachers must be not only energetic and relatable to their students, but they must also be computer savvy.Every classroom now a days has either a computerized white board, projector, or even a class set of laptops. The future of education relies on technology and many teachers that hold tenure have not grown up well-nigh much(prenominal) technology. This restricts them on their ability to utilize technology in order to relate to their students. With the high school drop out rate increasing each year, teachers must be well equipped with skills of not only the Internet, but also power points, online lectures, and also online tutoring that all their students may have access to. cabaret has risen the new generation of students to live off technology. Hardly ever do students look something up in a book rather than resorting to Google to settle their answer. In a result, teachers that are younger with less experience in the classroom, tend to have more experience with the technological tactics of learning that many present day students prefer. Relating to the students learning habits is crucial for their future success in higher education. Firing a teacher with tenure is a very long and difficult process.It may take up to a year before the courts become involved before a teacher may lose their tenure. Teacher tenure requires schools to make long-term spending commitments and prevents districts from being fiscal ly flexible. Teacher employment contracts generally lack provisions for declining enrollment and economic turmoil. As a high school student, I saw many first hand accounts on the effects of tenure. Although it does affect teachers the most, the community around the school may be affected as well. While I was in high school, our school experienced many of our most talented young teachers being pink slipped.Many of the teachers being fired were the most respected around the campus, being favored by the student body by the way they could relate, and teach a subject with such interest. The majority of the school was outraged that many of the younger teachers were being fired rather than the uninteresting older teachers that did not get through to their students as well. The issue began to enter the classrooms affecting the learning of the students. The problem resulted in an organized walk out were the majority of my school walked out of their classrooms in an attempt to publish the jo bs of their favorite teachers.Although teachers tenure may create stability in a community, fair job protection, and an attractable job profession, tenure must either be eliminated completely, or much more difficult to acquire. Teachers in the K-12 must be held to the same requirements as a college professor in order to acquire tenure. getting a tenure in college requires not only participation in the classroom for a certain amount of years, but also contributions to their given field and accomplishments they make in their long career. Teachings in the K-12 are usually held to the standard of working for two to seven years and then being rewarded job security.By being able to acquire tenure so easily, the education system as a whole suffers. With less talented teachers having secure jobs, students do not learn as efficiently which contributes to the lack of college degrees in America. Education as a whole is the most important issue for Americas success. In education, learning does not start with the student, but instead the tools they are given to succeed. We must either eliminate tenure, or raise the difficulty of acquiring such job security for the betterment of our future leaders.

Promote learning Essay Example for Free

Promote scholarship EssayIn this atomic number 18a of play I believe it should be stressed that children should be praised as they have put a hatch of work into something even if it is totally non-recognisable as allthing, considering some of the most famous artists drew/ calico in abstract and their work is widely appreciated. At this age creative activities willing be greatly influenced by key stage one requirements. They will have creativity incorporated into the learning of assorted topics. They will be inauguration to learn some creative skills and follow instructions to carry them out. overly children will be ontogeny a wider concentration span and more advanced fine manipulative skills. Tassoni and Beith (2002 p375) state that between the age of four and sixer Children are more interested in creating things e. g. making a cake, drawing cards and planting seeds. They enjoy being with other children although they may play in pairs. Children are beginning to expre ss themselves through delineation and drawing as well as through play. They are enjoying using their physical skills in impales and are confident when running and climbing.Materials that chamberpot be used in creative play and that will in addition promote learning sand and alternate materials, water, painting and drawing materials, malleable materials, adhesive materials, construction and scrap materials. At the beginning of the nates Stage children use their bodies to research texture and space, this will develop towards the kibosh of the Foundation Stage to children exploring colour, texture, shape, form and space in two or three dimensions.(Curriculum Guidance for the Foundation Stage curriculum archeozoic learning remainder for exploring materials p121). At the beginning of the Foundation Stage children show an interest in what they see, hear, smell, touch and feel and towards the end of the Foundation Stage this develops to the children responding in a word form of d emeanors to what they see, hear, smell, touch and feel. (Curriculum Guidance for the Foundation Stage curriculum early learning goal for responding to experiences and expressing and communicating ideas p127). 2. visionary play- imaginative play is a lot to do with role-play, it croup be carried out for enjoyment purposes in everyday play and it can be incorporated by practitioners so the children can explore different situations and fantasy worlds and acting. At the beginning of the Foundation Stage children use isolated words and phrases and/or gestures to communicate with those well kn cause to them and towards the end of the Foundation Stage children develop to speak clearly and audibly with confidence and control and show awareness of the listener.(Curriculum Guidance for the Foundation Stage curriculum early learning goal for language for communication p 55). 3. natural play- The term physical play is a term that can be used to describe the eccentric person of play in which children use their large muscles and exercise their whole body. They learn to control large and small muscles and develop co-ordination and surplus energy is expended (Tassoni and Beith 2002 p 382). Physical play is where children are using their muscles (large and small)) for enjoyment purposes.There is a less called P.E (physical education) in which children can develop and refine their skills and muscles in different e. g. dancing, athletics, and climbing apparatus. During self-reliant play, children can be physical in the following focal points, rolling, balancing, skipping, sliding, hanging, running, kicking, jumping, hopping, pushing, pulling etc. thither are ten areas of co-ordination in which children develop in At the beginning of the Foundation Stage children should be able to negotiate an appropriate pathway both indoors and outdoors this will develop to the children showing respect for other childrens personal space when playing among them.This will eventually at the e nd of the Foundation Stage develop into the children showing awareness of space, of them and of others. Stage curriculum early learning goal for sense of space p109). Example of the three types of play and how they promote the desired learning 1. For an example of creative play, I am sacking to describe a play prospect for this age group. Gloop is a mixture made simply from mixing corn flour and water in a bowl. A few additional resources that could be used are, smaller bowls, cups, plastic utensils (all of different shapes and sizes).It is a strange substance that can be made to different consistencies. When made with a lot of water it will be in liquid form when left dormant and will run through fingers when scooped up but when rolled between hands it will become solid and return to liquid when stopped. When made thicker it will be able to be cut and it will slowly return to the original form. It can be picked up in a lump and will slowly drip/run. This activity I think is suit able for all ages that are a school, I have tried it with the following age groups, five, seven, ten and thirteen and was also enjoyed by bountifuls.Children will begin to understand liquids and solids, shapes and sizes (through cups, bowls etc) and texture. The play opportunity Gloop will help to encourage creative skills because it takes many forms, the children can experiment and explore the texture, the consistency and the properties of it. It uses a lot of fine motor skills, using the fingers and hands to pick up and roll, squeeze through and transfer to other containers. This will promote in the way of experience, the children will learn by doing. 2. An example of imaginative play.Creating a home corner would encourage child-led imaginative play. A home corner can be adapted to suit a subject that is being taught. In the home corner or separately there could also be dressing up clothes to assist in role-play. For this type of play this is an example of an imaginative play opp ortunity. The subject being taught is animals the home corner is rearranged and decorated to resemble either a jungle or a zoo. This could also be linked with asking children questions intimately animals and what theyre characteristics are, they could also take turns in groups acting in general about the subject.A home corner would improve imaginative skills in children by encouraging them to participate in role-play activities. The children can make up their own games and enforce their own rules for the game. The children can work in groups or alone and can also dress up and use props to assist their game. Imaginative play can be linked with social skills as the children will be working in groups and pairs in child led activities and in merged activities led by an adult in the setting.These skills will be helpful in later life for the children to make healthy relationships. 3. One play opportunity for physical play is swimming some schools have pools on the property and use them for regular lessons, however for schools that do not have this facility can organise to go on weekly trips to the local pool or just as a one off. locomote is a great way of exercising as well as good physical fun. Swimming uses all of the muscles in the body and can be developed and refined. Swimming can link with all of the ten areas of co-ordination.It is suitable for all ages particularly because there can be different classes for different abilities and there is always room to progress. Children with any sort of impairment can also join in as there should be helpers available and equipment that would aid them getting in and out of the pool. Swimming would improve physical skills in children by working all of the muscles at the same time and progressing at this. It will strengthen muscle including the heart maintaining and developing bone density. It allows the children to exercise their whole bodies inside and outThere is also opportunity for fine motor development in the for m of bricks and bands, which are impel to the bottom of the pool at different depths, which the children have to collect. It is important to encourage children but not pressure hem as it may have adverse affects later in life. The role of the adult in all of the play opportunities is to supervise the children it is also to provide any materials or equipment that will be needed. The adult will have to think about health and safety for the activity to make sure that no harm comes to the children.The adult will be there to explain what to do initially and be there to answer any questions the children may have. The adult will also ask questions to encourage the children to think about the subject more deeply these questions will normally be open ended so the childrens answers will not be one-worded. The adult will also encourage the children to stick at the activity for a decent amount of time and to help the children to think up new ways of playing the game and to plan different rule s.

A Very Filipino Way Of Doing Business Essay Example for Free

A Very Filipino Way Of Doing Business EssayWhenever I go to the local marketplace with the Asawa, I love to wander just about the meat and fish section. I love the squalor and the flies and the noise and total lack of any lip service being paid to primary hygiene regulations. It is so Filipino I have my Suki for meat and an early(a) for chicken and unrivaled I go to for fish and seafoods. The Asawa has her own for vegetables, fruit and alter sizeables, spread around the market. A suki, for the uninitiated, is a regular provider of whatever it is you be buying. I think to be technic wholey correct, you as the customer ar actu every last(predicate)y the suki, but in typically Filipino fashion the word is used in either direction and you call the fund you go to on a regular basis your suki We have a suki for bottled water. Our first suki would always deliver in the morning when we were out, despite having been told numerous times we wouldnt be in that respect to take the gallons (those immense bottles of water usually seen in the office back home but commonplace in every home here) until after noon.Their insistence we change our deed to match theirs plus the fact it took six weeks to get them to sell us a table top stand for the bottles meant I spat the dummy one day and found a new suki They realized the error of their ways and tried to regain the business but the damage had been wear downe Changing your suki is not something you undertake lightly. The very fabric of commercial society here is built upon the relationship between buyer and seller. When you at pass at any row of Filipino market stalls or shops, you may notice how everybody in a row is selling exactly the same thing. The plastic bucket shops be all over there. The hardware stalls are all over there, the next row is all cloth and old clothes. Not only are all the stalls for one line of merchandise in a row, they all look identical. Every stall has the same not bad(predicate)s di splayed exactly the same way. As if there is a pattern laid down by law as to how to display those goods Woe betide you if you do it any otherway or set up amongst the wrong stalls.The prevailing wisdom appears to be that you increase your chances of making some money if you are where wad will go to look for the range of goods you offer. If the hardware stores were to spread themselves around the town then maybe one of them would wither on the vine as few people might notice them. By having all of the hardware stores in the one spot, then it is guaranteed that anyone who needs hardware MUST gothere. Brilliant So why would they shop at this store instead of that one if they all offer the same goods in the same location? The only answer I have ever received for that query has always been the same because you know the store owner, or are a friend or, they are your SUKI Personal relationships are very important to Filipinos and without them your business is more or less well doome d to fail. Once you start buying regularly from one store and they take on Suki status then the suki will lose character if you are seen purchasing elsewhere in the same market.Other store owners will know your suki is someone else and they will usually refrain from hassling you. Poaching customers has been cognize to lead to arguments, fights and even stabbings You should be able to expect a discount (walay hang yoo) from your suki. Of course over time the actual discount might drop-off as both parties become comfortable with the relationship and outright price is no longer as important as the send displayed and enjoyed between parties. This is a factor of Filipino business that many foreigners never grasp. They expect a good deal right from the beginning, yet what have they done to deserve that favoritism? Anywhere in Asia there is a similar attitude to time. Time being invested to really get to know each other and develop trust and a rapport that will span generations.It is a long term view that we foreigners are coming up against way down the path the other parties involved have been traveling for perhaps centuries The term interloper comes to mind and that is what we are in many ways. Break that down to the local food market level of commerce and the relationship may take less time to build but the concept remains the same. If you apply the same mindset to more expensive business ventures here then it is easy to develop guidelines. Firstly, dont expect the best terms right off the bat, give the other guy time to get to know you and like you. Secondly, never show your anger or emotion, it shames you and the other party and achieves nothing worthwhile. Thirdly, if you are beingripped off, dont be in too much of a hurry to take your business elsewhere. This goes for the meat suki too. I had one who was putting the old turn over on the scales when weighing my beef tenderloin every Thursday.I knew I was being short changed somehow, yet the challenge was how to turn this around to my advantage as I loved my beef and there was only one other stall that sold it. My solution was to negotiate an extra piece thrown in after the kilo or two was weighed and agreed upon. This let the suki think they were doing me a favour and building rapport while I was actually acquiring what I was paying for. The end result was they finally caught on and stopped thumbing the scales and I eventually stopped insisting on my extra chunk. They got the message that I knew they were ripping me off, yet nobody lost face and business carried on as usual.In some ways, dealing with your suki is good training for dealing with so much that you will confront in this country. Going head to head will only have you losing time after time. You may think you won, you do your point, you showed them but the reality is Filipinos, like most Asians, take the long term view in many things. There is the short term immediate comfort often exploited by the lesser educated and t hose who figure they will never have to deal with you again but on the whole the foeman is more often the case. Choose your suki wisely, and then stick with them. Work out your differences in ways other than the typical western yelling and posturing and you are sure to come out a winner in the long term.In the commercial context, suki relationships (market- exchange partnerships) may develop between two people who agree to become regular customer and supplier. In the marketplace, Filipinos will regularly buy from certain specific suppliers who will give them, in return, reduced prices, good quality, and, often, credit. Suki relationships often apply in other contexts as well. For example, regular garters of restaurants and small neighborhood retail shops and tailoring shops often receive special handling in return for their jockstrapage. Suki does more than help develop economic exchange relationships. Because trust is such a springy aspect, it creates a platform for personal re lationships that can prime of life into genuine friendship between individuals. Patron- knob bonds also are very much a part of prescribed patterns of appropriate behavior.These may be formedbetween tenant farmers and their landlords or between any patron who provides resources and influence in return for the clients personal services and general support. The reciprocal arrangement typically involves the patron giving a means of earning a living or of help, protection, and influence and the client giving labor and personal favors, ranging from business firm tasks to political support. These relationships often evolve into ritual kinship ties, as the tenant or worker may ask the landlord to be a childs godparent. Similarly, when favors are extended, they tend to bind patron and client together in a network of mutual obligation or a long-term interdependency.The word suki is a Filipino term which means devoted customer. This so-called market-exchange partnership can be developed i nto an agreement where one can be a regular customer and supplier. Contents hide * 1 Suki governance * 2 Customer satisfaction * 3 Returning favors * 4 Reference * 5 Citation -Suki systemThe suki system is a system of patronage in which a customer regularly buys their merchandise from a certain client. In the merchandising business, Filipinos often buy from specific suppliers who will provide their customers reduced prices, good quality and credit as well. These factors are the usual components of becoming a suki. The presence of trust and the development of friendship between the two parties is a vital aspect in the establishment of an economic exchange relationship. In some instances, regular patrons of restaurants, small neighborhood retail shops and tailoring shops receive special treatment in return for their patronage.Customer satisfactionCustomer satisfaction is essential to the survival of any business, small-scale or large-scale and retailers know that satisfied customers are loyal customers. Consequently, retailers develop strategies to build relationships that result in customers returning to make more purchases. By responding to customer needs, business owners endeavor to meet or outflankcustomer expectations for their product or service. This increases the likelihood of gaining sukis. The quality of after-sales service can also be a crucial factor in influencing any purchasing decision. In the current economic environment, businesses continuously strive not only for customer satisfaction, but for customer delight that extra bit of added value that may lead to increased customer loyalty. Any extra added value, however, will need to be carefully costed.Returning favorsUsually, favors are returned or extended to both patron and clients. For example, this reciprocal arrangement typically involves the patron providing a means of earning a living or help, protection, and influence. The client in turn provides labor and personal favors, ranging from h ousehold tasks to political support. These relationships often evolve into ritual kinship ties, as the tenant or worker may ask the landlord to be a childs godparent. Similarly, when favors are extended, they tend to bind patron and client together in a network of mutual obligation or a long-term interdependency.

Impact of Nutrition Transition on Food and Nutrition System

Impact of Nutrition Transition on Food and Nutrition System touch on OF THE NUTRITION TRANSITION ON FOOD AND NUTRITION SYSTEM OF INDIAStudent Thara Baby Akshai Babu1.0 INTRODUCTIONOne of the largest food producing country in the serviceman is India (Singh et al, 2012). But 21% of the total state is under nourished (Singh et al, 2012). About 300 billion people struggle for meeting their meals 2 times a day (Singh et al, 2012).Nutritional profile is a important factor of the progress in which nation has made in the modern days (Sachdev et al, 2004). cod to this factor thither are many effects and implications in the everyday life story of the normal people (Sachdev et al, 2004). The achievements are only for the highly economically privileged sections of the society. Due to the nutritionary renewal occurred, the development of the early adult hood disease is one of the main adverse effect in the everyday living of the people (Sachdev et al, 2004). As a result, the appreciates of mortality rate as well as morbidity increased as well (Sachdev et al, 2004). Recent researches suggest that 40% of mortality rate in developing countries are due to Non communicable diseases and the rate is 75% in developed countries (Prakash Shetty, 2002). Due to the nutritional transition and changes in the life mood pattern of the people, there is increase in the energy intake as well as decrease in the energy expenditure in the daily living activities (Sachdev et al, 2004).2.0 EFFECTS OF TRANSITION IN THE NORMAL LIFE OF PEOPLE2.1. Health consequences associated with transition.By the development of Nutrition transition, many adverse effects hurt been occurring (Sachdev et al, 2004). The most powerful evidence is the increase in the rate of risk towards the diseases identical diabetes mellitus (Type 2), metabolic syndromes, coronary heart diseases, increased blood pressure and so forth (Sachdev et al, 2004). It is expected that the rate of incidence of disease and death d ue to the CHD will be about 60% rather than any other infectious diseases in the upcoming years (Sachdev et al, 2004). And besides it is predicted that India will be the country with more diabetic patients in turn among the age of 45-64 than any other developing countries in 2025 (Sachdev et al, 2004). India is likewise in the path of demographic transition where the pace of life expectancy increases while the birth rate falls (Prakash Shetty, 2002).2.2. Dietary Consumption and life style changes due to Nutrition transition in India.Sudden changes in the quantity of nutritionary intake on developing countries indicate an increase in per capita availability of food (Prakash Shetty, 2002) . It is as good as accompanied by the quantitative changes in the diet (Prakash Shetty, 2002).According to the food balance data sheet produced by Food And Agricultural Organisation(FAO) the amount of intake of animal fats, sugar in Asian countries has been increased where as the change in energy intake is lowly (Prakash Shetty, 2002).it is considered that the intake of fat both from vegetables and animal is drastically change magnitude each year. Data shows that from the diet, high income group consume 37% energy from fat as well as low income group consumes only 17%.Nutrition transition affects the women and children. Mal nutrition and fleshiness are the major problems seen among women (Sachdev et al, 2004). Overweight and Obesity seen among the higher manikin women where as malnourishment in the lower economic class women in the society (Griffiths Paula, 2001). According to WHO, In India 1% of the preschool childhood is prone to obesity (Prakash Shetty, 2002). As the situation goes on, India will be facing a dual challenge which is the biggest problems, i.e., overweight and malnourishment. There will be children with overweight where as the incidence of mortality and morbidity will be also increasing at the same time due to the malnutrition (Griffiths Paula, 2001 ).Since 1970s, many case level surveys have been taken by the National Nutrition Monitoring Bureau (NNMB), chiefly on the diet, nutrition and food consumption pattern of India (Prakash Shetty, 2002). In the year of 1975-1995, the survey was conducted and the NNMB reported the wage increase in the sufficient calorie intake in India, where as there is a gradual decrease in the amount of intake of cereal and grains in the diet (Prakash Shetty, 2002). It is believed that because of the heavy uptake of proteins and fat in the diet (Prakash Shetty, 2002). Consumption of legumes and pulses which is an important source of vegetable protein in the routine diet of India has decreased dramatically (Prakash Shetty, 2002).According to the Food Balance sheet data, the trend in the supply of animal product has increased from 7.0g in 1965 to 12.9gm in 1999.So the intake of energy in the diet is just double than needed. I.e. it increased to 192 kcal from 104 kcal per capita per day. The intak e of high fat and energy content will result in Obesity and overweight (Prakash Shetty, 2002).India is one of the biggest manufacturer of fruits and vegetables in the world, however much of this does not appear to be contemplated in the uptake (Prakash Shetty, 2002). May be largely the effect of their production as capital crops for exports and sales (Prakash Shetty, 2002).This situation can lead to the extent loss of soil and micronutrients that are not advantageous to local people (Prakash Shetty, 2002). Economic development seems to carry to improvement in intakes of legumes and veggies and these changes may be advantageous (Prakash Shetty, 2002). But these changes with socioeconomic status are also frequently linked with less intakes of inferior pure tone cereal grain and increased dependence on highly polished varieties that may bring down the intakes of dietary fibre (Prakash Shetty, 2002).2.3. Changes in Physical Activity.Due to the increased mechanisation in the wo rld, the level of physical activity has been decreased. Humans are more relied on automatic machines and motor cars rather than manual run system and bicycles (Singh et al, 2012). Decrease in the productive manual work and decreased energy spend in work leads to the development of diseases. Now days, the trend is like more leisure time and less working time (Singh et al, 2012). And most of the people spend their leisure time for the sedentary activities such as notice TV, computer games and so on, thus changing the construction of leisure time and encroaching on the time usually allocated to other activities including weekday sleep (Singh et al, 2012).3.0. FOOD scattering SYSTEM OF INDIA (FDS)One of the largest food producing country in the world is India (Singh et al, 2012). But 21% of the total population is under nourished (Singh et al, 2012). About 300 million people struggle for meeting their meals 2 times a day (Singh et al, 2012).it shows the problem of receptiveness to th e sufficient nutritive food to the poor class in past(Singh et al, 2012). The report suggest that between the period of 1960-2009, there is a dramatically decline in the public investment to the agriculture (Singh et al, 2012). Certain measures are taken by the government among the states in the country (Singh et al, 2012).In India Public Distribution of Food is through FCI (Food Corporation Of India) (Singh et al, 2012). And through this system India reduced the risk of shortfall but the sufficiency, the quality and nutritive value of food is still a big challenge (Singh et al, 2012).The food management aims at processing food grains from farmers at profitable footings, supplying food grains to the consumers, especially the poor and the affected sections of the society at affordable prices and maintain food buffer for food security and price stability (Singh et al, 2012). The main important factor in public distribution system is minimum support price (MSP) and central issue price (CIP) (Singh et al, 2012). The uneconomic rise in the inventory of food grains with FCI has given rise to the overall economic cost of food grain to FCI and has had an untoward impression on the qualification of food based safety nets in India (Singh et al, 2012).4.0 CONCLUSIONIn this review, I am attempting to establish some important determinants that characterize the nutrition and development transitions that is casualty in a country like India. The transitions especially demographic, nutritional, epidemiological transitions affects the normal life pattern of the people and it changes the followed methods of consumption of food, physical activities, which leads to the path of sedentarism which leads to the greatest problems obesity and other non communicable diseases (Singh et al, 2012). There are some other factors contributing to the emergence of chronic diseases in India. Contamination of food sources of pesticides, chemical fertilizers, and toxic contaminants is common i n rapidly industrializing societies. Globalization of trade encourages cash crops for export and the consequent movement of important micronutrients, which are now not available to the local population and at the same time promotes increased vulnerability with agricultural production subjects to the pressing of global free trade and competition (Singh et al, 2012, p. 133). Thus, economic development contributes to increasing inequalities and exposure to factors that are harmful to health and may thus contributing to increasing NCD risk in developing societies in sudden developmental transition like IndiaThe Government should plan of carrying on a continuous and exhaustive research to track the need and supply of food grains selling in the market. This would batten down future forecast onfoodprices and would facilitate the Governmentinpolicy making. Universalisation of food grain distribution needs an alternative clean and transparent/ PDS method other than through the FCI at the na tional level and Fair Price Shops at the bottom level. This calls for developing suitable operational policies for FCI to rationalize its buffer stocks, slowly unload more inventory of cereals and alter of the existing PDS by bringingin transparency andaccountabilityat the ultimate distribution point. This first step will improve supply situation and prevent price rise. Thus, while the proposed NFSA will address the supply driven distribution side of the food grains, the nation needs to develop an appropriate system of food management keeping in perspective the overall demand and supply situation.5.0 REFERENCESPrakash, Shetty. (2002).NutritionTransition in India.PublicHealth Nutrition. 5 (1),175-82.Sachdev, HPS. 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